Antony and Cleopatra (55 page)

⁸
Dio 42. 29. 1 –4, Plutarch,
Antony
9, with C. Pelling (ed.),
Plutarch: Life of Antony
(1988), pp.136–140, Appian,
BC
2. 92.

⁹
Dio 42. 50. 1–55. 3, Appian
BC
2. 92–94, Plutarch,
Caesar
51, Suetonius,
Caesar
70, Frontinus,
Strategemata
1. 9. 4.

¹⁰
R. Weigel,
Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
(1992), pp.30–34.

¹¹
Dio 48. 38. 2–3.

¹²
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 64–69, 72–74, 78, Plutarch,
Antony
10, Dio 45. 28. 1–4.

¹³
Suetonius,
Caesar
50. 2.

¹⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
10, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 69, 99.

¹⁵
Plutarch,
Antony
10, claims that there was a breach between Caesar and Antony. M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(trans. P. Needham) (1968), pp.261–262, is inclined to see this as serious. R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), p. 104, doubts this.

¹⁶
Plutarch,
Antony
10–11, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 75–78.

XV N
OT
K
ING, BUT
C
AESAR

¹
Cicero,
ad Att.
14. 20. 2.

²
Tacitus,
Histories
4. 55, Dio 66. 3. 1, 16. 1.

³
Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
49; however, note also Plutarch,
Antony
52, which suggests that the boy was not born until after Caesar's death; for discussions see M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.83–85.

⁴
Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1, and for discussion see E. Gruen, ‘Cleopatra in Rome: Fact and Fantasies', in D. Braund & C. Gill (eds.),
Myths, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honour of T. P. Wiseman
(2003), pp.257–274, esp. 258–260 and 267– 270.

⁵
Dio 53. 19. 1–20. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 101, and Grant (1972), pp.85–86, 260, n. 13, including the much later source claiming that Ganymede was one of the captives.

⁶
Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1.

⁷
Suetonius,
Caesar
76. 3.

⁸
Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1.

⁹
Suetonius,
Caesar
44. 1–2, Pliny,
NH
18. 211, Plutarch,
Caesar
59, Macrobius,
Saturnalia
1. 14. 2–3, T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
Vol. 3 (1923), pp.285–287, M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), p. 289, and Z. Yazetz,
Julius Caesar and his Public Image
(1983), pp.111– 114.

¹⁰
Dio 43. 42. 3, 44. 1–3.

¹¹
Dio 43.
14.
7, 44. 1–46. 4, Cicero,
ad Att.
12. 47. 3, 45. 3,
ad Fam.
6. 8. 1, 6. 18. 1, Suetonius,
Caesar
41. 2, 76. 1; see also R. Carson, ‘Caesar and the Monarchy',
Greece and Rome
4 (1957), pp.46–53, E. Rawson, ‘Caesar's Heritage: Hellenistic Kings and their Roman Equals',
JRS
65 (1975), pp.148–159, and S. Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(1971), esp. pp.200–206.

¹²
Dio 43. 50. 3–4, Suetonius,
Caesar
42. 1, 81,
Tiberius
4. 1, Plutarch,
Caesar
57–58, Strabo,
Geog.
8. 6. 23, 17. 3. 15, Appian,
Punic History
136, Cicero,
ad Fam.
9. 17. 2, 13. 4, 13. 5, 13. 8; also Yazetz (1983), pp.137–149, E. Rawson,
CAH
²
IX, pp.445–480, and Rice Holmes (1923), pp.320–324. For Cicero receiving unwarranted thanks from provincials see Cicero,
ad Fam.
9. 15. 4.

¹³
Suetonius,
Caesar
77, 79. 2, Dio 44. 10. 1, Appian,
BC
2. 108.

¹⁴
Dio 44. 11. 1–3, Appian,
BC
2. 109, Plutarch,
Caesar
61,
Antony
12, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 84–87,
De Divinatione
1. 52, 119, Suetonius,
Caesar
79. 2; see also Weinstock (1971), pp.318–341.

¹⁵
Dio 43. 51. 1–2, 44. 1. 1, Appian,
BC
2. 110, 3. 77, Plutarch,
Caesar
58, Velleius Paterculus 2. 59. 4, Suetonius,
Caesar
44. 3.

¹⁶
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 79–82, Plutarch,
Antony
11.

¹⁷
Cicero,
ad Att.
13. 40. 1.

¹⁸
Suetonius,
Caesar
77.

¹⁹
See R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.56–59; Caesar's comment is in Cicero,
ad Att.
14. 1. 2; for the Salamis episode see, for example,
ad Att.
6. 2.

²⁰
Dio 43. 10. 1–13. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 98–99, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
56. 4, 59. 1–73. 1.

²¹
Cicero,
ad Att.
12. 21. 1, 13. 40. 1, 46, 51. 1,
Orator
10, 35, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
11. 1–4, 25. 1–5, 73. 4,
Cicero
39. 2,
Caesar
3. 2, Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 5, with Gelzer (1968), pp.301–304, Rice Holmes (1923), p. 311, and D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), p. 138.

²²
Syme (1960), p. 69; on Cassius see Cicero,
ad Att.
5. 21.

²³
Dio 44. 14. 3–4, Plutarch,
Brutus
18; Appian,
BC
3. 98; on Trebonius and Antony see Plutarch,
Antony
13.

²⁴
For discussion see A. Goldsworthy,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006), pp.500–510.

²⁵
Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 3, 83. 2.

²⁶
Appian,
BC
2. 102, Dio 51. 22.3, with Gruen (2003), pp.259 and 270–272.

²⁷
Cicero,
ad Att.
15. 15. 2.

²⁸
Plutarch,
Caesar
66,
Brutus
17,
Antony
13, Dio 44. 19. 1–5, Appian,
BC
2. 117, Suetonius,
Caesar
82. 1–3.

XVI C
ONSUL

¹
Appian,
BC
2. 118, Plutarch,
Antony
14–15, Dio 44. 20. 1–22. 3.

²
J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), p. 29.

³
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 28; R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.97–103.

⁴
Appian,
BC
2. 120–123.

⁵
Appian,
BC
2. 123–136, Dio 44. 22. 3–34. 7; Osgood (2006), pp.12–14, Syme (1960), pp.102–103 and 107, D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), pp.280–282, T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp.289–291, and E. Rawson in
CAH
²
IX, pp.468–470.

⁶
For Lepidus' legion see Appian,
BC
2. 118, 126, with P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971), p. 477.

⁷
Consul and Antonius, see Cicero,
Philippics
2. 70; on Antony see Syme (1960), pp.105– 106.

⁸
Plutarch,
Antony
14,
Brutus
20, Dio 44. 35. 1–52. 3, Appian,
BC
2. 137–148, Suetonius,
Caesar
84. 2, with Osgood (2006), pp.12–13, and Syme (1960), pp.98–99.

⁹
Rawson in
CAH
²
IX, p. 470, Osgood (2006), pp.14–16 and 30.

¹⁰
Appian,
BC
3. 2–3, 36, Cicero,
ad Att.
14. 15, Syme (1960), pp.99.

¹¹
Appian,
BC
3. 2–8, Dio 44. 53. 1–7, 45, with Syme (1960), pp.109–111 and 115–
116,
Rawson in
CAH
²
IX, pp.470–471, and Osgood (2006), p. 30.

¹²
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 92–100,
ad Att.
14. 12.

¹³
Cicero,
ad Att.
14. 13, 13a and 13b.

¹⁴
Cicero,
Philippics
1. 20.

¹⁵
Dio 44. 53. 6–7, with Syme (1960), p. 109, Mitchell (1991), pp.292–293, and Osgood (2006), pp.35 and 40.

¹⁶
Cicero,
ad Att.
14. 8, 20, with M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.95–96, J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), p. 108, and J. Fletcher,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(2008), pp.213–214.

¹⁷
Suetonius,
Caesar
83. 1–2,
Augustus
8. 1–2, Appian,
BC
2. 143, Pliny,
NH
35. 21, Dio 45. 1. 1–6. 3, with Syme (1960), pp.112–115.

¹⁸
Suetonius,
Caesar
83, Cicero,
ad Att.
14.
11
and 12, with Osgood (2006), pp.31–32; for the quote, Cicero,
Philippics
13. 24.

¹⁹
Syme (1960), pp.115–122.

²⁰
Plutarch,
Brutus
21, Suetonius,
Caesar
88, and
Augustus
10, Pliny,
NH
2. 93–94, Dio 45. 6. 4–8. 4, with Osgood (2006), pp.21 –22 and 40–41.

²¹
Syme (1960), pp.115–
116,
and Brunt (1971), pp.477–483.

²²
Stockton (1971), pp.286–287 and 319–320, and Osgood (2006), pp.32–33.

XVII ‘O
NE OF
T
HREE
'

¹
R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.123–124, D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), pp.292–294, T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp.295– 306, and J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), pp.41–42.

²
Cicero,
ad Fam.
12. 3 (SB 345).

³
Appian,
BC
3. 31, 40–45, Dio 45. 12. 1–13. 5, Cicero,
Philippics
3. 4, 6, 38–39, 4. 5– 6, with Osgood (2006), pp.47–50; for a discussion of
Legio Martia
and a possible tombstone of one of its centurions see L. Keppie, ‘A Centurion of
Legio Martia
at Padova?',
Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies
2 (1991), pp.115–121 = L. Keppie,
Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000
(2000), pp.68–74.

⁴
On the raising of legions see P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971), p. 481.

⁵
Appian,
BC
3. 46, Dio 45. 13. 5, with Syme (1960), pp.126–127; on Antony's popularity see Plutarch,
Antony
4.

⁶
Quote from Cicero,
ad Fam.
11. 4 (Loeb translation by Shackleton Bailey, SB 342); Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
56. 1–3, describes the creation of the officers and organisation for two legions, which were then filled up with recruits as men and equipment became available.

⁷
Osgood (2006), p. 50.

⁸
Syme (1960), pp.127–150 and 162–171, Stockton (1971), pp.295–316, Mitchell (1991), pp.301–315.

⁹
Cicero,
Philippics
11. 5–10, Appian,
BC
3. 26, Dio 47. 29. 1–6.

¹⁰
Cicero,
Philippics
5. 3, 4, 25, 31, 8. 27, Appian,
BC
3. 63, with E. Rawson in
CAH
²
IX, pp.478–479.

¹¹
Appian,
BC
3. 50–51, Cicero,
Philippics
8. 1, 25–28, 33, with Syme (1960), pp.167–173, Stockton (1971), p. 308, and Mitchell (1961), pp.312–316.

¹²
Cicero,
ad Fam.
11. 21. 1; on the legions see Brunt (1971), p. 481.

¹³
Dio 46. 36. 3–5, Pliny,
NH
10. 110.

¹⁴
For accounts of Forum Gallorum see Cicero,
ad Fam.
10. 30; for Servius Sulpicius Galba's account see Appian,
BC
66–70, Dio 46. 37. 1–7, with Osgood (2006), pp.51–55, and L. Keppie,
The Making of the Roman Army
(1984), pp.115–118.

¹⁵
Appian,
BC
3. 71–76, Dio 46. 38. 1–41. 5, with Syme (1960), pp.173–177, Stockton (1971), pp.318–323, and Mitchell (1991), pp.316–319; see Suetonius,
Augustus
10. 4 for an heroic story of Octavian carrying a legion's eagle to rally the men at the battle outside Mutina.

¹⁶
Plutarch,
Antony
18, Appian,
BC
3. 80–84, Dio 46. 38. 6–7, with Syme (1960), pp.178–179, and Brunt (1971), pp.481–484; for Caesar not shaving until he had avenged his men see Suetonius,
Caesar
67. 2.

¹⁷
Appian,
BC
3. 85–95, Dio 46. 39. 1–49. 5, with Syme (1960), pp.181–188, Stockton (1971), pp.329–331, and Mitchell (1991), pp.319–322.

¹⁸
Plutarch,
Antony
19–21, Appian,
BC
3. 96–4. 46. 50. 1–56. 4, with Syme (1960), pp.188–191, Osgood (2006), pp.57–61, and Rawson in
CAH
²
IX, pp.485–486.