Antony and Cleopatra (57 page)

⁷
Appian,
BC
5. 56–66, Dio 48. 28. 1–30. 2, with Syme (1960), pp.129, 216–217, 242 and 253 – 255, and Pelling in
CAH
²
X, pp.17–20.

⁸
See Osgood (2006), pp.188–201, Syme (1960), pp.217–220; for Antony's guilt over his treatment of Fulvia see Appian,
BC
5. 59.

⁹
Appian,
BC
5. 67–68, Dio 48. 31. 1–6.

¹⁰
Appian,
BC
5. 69–74, Dio 48. 36. 1–38. 3, Velleius Paterculus 2. 77, Plutarch,
Antony
32, with Syme (1960), pp.21–22, Osgood (2006), pp.205–207, and A. Powell,
Virgil the Partisan: A Study in the Re-integration of Classics
(2008), pp.190–191.

¹¹
Plutarch,
Antony
33, Appian,
BC
5. 76, Dio 48. 39. 2, Seneca,
Suasoriae
1. 6, with M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.129–130.

¹²
Osgood (2006), pp.225–231, quote from p. 229, and F. Millar, ‘Triumvirate and Principate',
JRS
63 (1973), pp.50–67.

XXII I
NVASION

¹
Dio 49. 32. 4, Plutarch,
Antony
36.

²
See in general E. Huzar, ‘Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers',
The Classical Journal
81.2 (1986), pp.97–111, esp. p. 98 for Fadia and the children, referring to Cicero,
ad Att.
16. 11. 1 for the implication that the latter had died.

³
On Labienus' father see R. Syme, ‘The Allegiance of Labienus',
JRS
28 (1938), pp.113–125, and W Tyrell, ‘Labienus' Departure from Caesar in January 49
BC
',
Historia
21 (1972), pp.424–440; on the son see Dio 48. 24. 4– 25. 1.

⁴
Dio 48. 26. 5, with R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), p. 223, and discussion of the campaign and its context in D. Kennedy, ‘Parthia and Rome: Eastern Perspectives', in D. Kennedy (ed.),
The Roman Army in the East, JRA
Supplement 18 (1996), pp.67– 90, esp. 77–81.

⁵
For discussion of Roman and Parthian armies see A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman Army at War 100
BC—AD
200
(1996), pp.60–68, Kennedy (1996), pp.83–84; on the execution of the victorious commander at Carrhae see Plutarch,
Crassus
32.

⁶
Kennedy (1996), pp.79–81, J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), pp.185, 225–228; for Hybreas see Strabo,
Geog.
14. 2. 23–24.

⁷
Josephus,
AJ
14. 330–369,
BJ
1. 248–273, with Osgood (2006), pp.185–186, E. Schürer, G. Vermes & F. Millar,
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ,
Vol. 1 (1973), pp.278–286.

⁸
Josephus,
AJ
14. 370–376,
BJ
1. 274–279.

⁹
Appian,
BC
5. 92, Dio 48. 41. 7, 49. 2–3, with Syme (1960), pp.222—223 and 230–231, and Osgood (2006), pp.245 and251.

¹⁰
Dio 48. 39. 2–41. 6, 49. 19. 1–20. 5, Plutarch,
Antony
34, Gellius,
NA
15. 4, Frontinus,
Strategems
1. 1. 6, 2. 2. 5, 2. 5. 36–37, and on Crassus, Plutarch,
Crassus
31–33, with Kennedy (1996), pp.80–81, and Osgood (2006), pp.255 and 280–281; on Ventidius' career see J. Seaver, ‘Publius Ventidius: Neglected Roman Military Hero',
The Classical Journal
47 (195), pp.275 – 280 and 300.

¹¹
On the failure of Octavian to meet Antony at Tarentum see Appian,
BC
4. 78–80; on Sextus Pompey see Osgood (2006), pp.20 –205 and 242 – 243, C. Pelling in
CAH
²
X, pp.24– 5, K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Sextus Pompeius
(2002),
passim,
and A. Powell,
Virgil the Partisan: A Study in the Re-integration of Classics
(2008), pp.16–19, 97–100.

¹²
Plutarch,
Antony
34.

¹³
See F. Millar, ‘Triumvirate and Principate',
JRS
63 (1973), pp.50–67, esp. 51 and 53, and Pelling in
CAH
²
X, pp.67–68.

¹⁴
Appian,
BC
5. 93–95, Plutarch,
Antony
35, with Pelling in
CAH
²
X, pp.24–27, and P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971), p. 502.

¹⁵
Syme (1960), pp.129 and 231, Osgood (2006), pp.298–300.

¹⁶
Josephus,
BJ
1. 282–357,
AJ
14. 377–491, Dio 49. 22. 6.

¹⁷
Dio 49. 23. 2–5, Plutarch,
Antony
37, with Kennedy (1996), p. 81.

¹⁸
Suetonius,
Augustus
62. 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 75, with Syme (1960), pp.228–229, Osgood (2006), pp.231–232, and for more detail on her family and the marriage see A. Barrett,
Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome
(2002), pp.3–27.

¹⁹
Suetonius,
Caius
23.

²⁰
Suetonius,
Augustus
70, with comments in K. Scott, ‘The Political Propaganda of 44– 30
BC
',
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
11 (1933), pp.7–49, esp. 30–32, and Powell (2008), p. 74.

XXIII ‘L
OVER OF
H
ER
F
ATHERLAND
'

¹
Plutarch,
Antony
36.

²
Josephus,
AJ
15. 23–31.

³
Dio 49. 3–5, with C. Pelling in
CAH
²
X, pp.28–30, and R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.259–261.

⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
36, Dio 49. 32. 5, Strabo,
Geog.
14. 669, 671, with M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.135–141, G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), p. 24, and J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), pp.162–164.

⁵
Josephus,
AJ
15. 88–, 91–96, with Hölbl (2001), p. 242 and p. 254, n. 103.

⁶
On the titles and their implications see J. Bingen,
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
(2007), pp.57–62 and 74–79, contrasting with D. Thompson in
CAH
²
IX, p. 3 1, and ‘Cleopatra VII: The Queen in Egypt, in S. Walker & S. Ashton (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp.31–34.

⁷
Thompson (2003), pp.31–34, argues that the ‘homeland was primarily, but not exclusively, Egypt, but Bingen (2007), pp.57–6 and 74–79, is more convincing. Thompson's examples of the queen taking a personal interest in the welfare of a range of groups within Egypt does not seem more than the practical measures of a monarch wishing to remain in power.

⁸
G. Goudchaux, ‘Cleopatra the Seafarer Queen: Strabo and India, in Walker & Ashton (2003), pp.109–
III;
introduction of a type of cabbage from Rhodes, Athenaeus 9. 369; for failure to innovate see D. Rathbone, ‘Ptolemaic to Roman Egypt: The Death of the Dirigiste State?, in E. Lo Cascio & D. Rathbone (eds.),
Production and Public Powers in Classical Antiquity
(2000), pp.44–54, esp. 46–51.

⁹
S. Walker & P. Higgs (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), p. 234, ns. 218—222.

¹⁰
Josephus,
AJ
15. 31–67, with E. Sch¨rer, G. Vermes & F. Millar,
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ,
Vol. 1 (1973), pp.296– 297.

¹¹
Josephus,
AJ
15. 96–103. Josephus dates this encounter to 34
BC,
but it may equally have occurred before Antony's first Parthian expedition at the start of 36
BC.

¹²
Josephus,
BJ
1. 397.

¹³
Rathbone (2000), pp.44–54.

XXIV ‘I
NDIA AND
A
SIA
T
REMBLE
': T
HE
G
RAND
E
XPEDITION

¹
For example, Plutarch,
Antony
34, Dio 49. 21. 2, and Tacitus,
Germania
38, with C. Pelling in
CAH
²
X, p. 31, fn. 142.

²
J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), pp.303–305.

³
For Caesar's planned expedition see Dio 43. 51. 1–2, 44. 1. 1, Appian,
BC 2.
110, 3. 77, Plutarch,
Caesar
58, Velleius Paterculus 2. 59. 4, Suetonius,
Caesar
44. 3, and T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
Vol. 3 (19 3), pp.3 6–3 7; on the operations against the Albani and Iberi see A. Sherwin-White,
Roman Foreign Policy in the East 168
BC—AD
1
(1984), pp.307–308. Publius Canidius Crassus was no relation of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Caesar's ally.

⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
37.

⁵
Appian,
BC.
110, Velleius Paterculus 2. 82 1 –2; for discussion see P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971), pp.503–504, Sherwin-White (1984), p. 311, fn. 37, and L. Keppie, ‘Mark Antony's Legions, in L. Keppie,
Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000
(2000), pp.75–96.

⁶
Josephus,
AJ
14. 449,
BJ
1. 32 4 for legions ‘recently levied in Syria.

⁷
Plutarch,
Antony
38; for supply in general see J. Roth,
The Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264
BC—AD
235)
(1999),
passim.

⁸
For Roman military intelligence in general see N. Austin & B. Rankov,
Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople
(1995),
passim,
but esp. p. 73.

⁹
Plutarch,
Antony
37–38, Livy,
Pers.
130 for criticism of Antony.

¹⁰
For discussions of Parthian armies see the sources cited in
chapter 22
, n. 6.

¹¹
Dio 49. 25. 1, Plutarch,
Antony
38, with Pelling in
CAH
²
X, p. 32.

¹²
Plutarch,
Antony
38, Strabo,
Geog.
11. 13. 3–4, and Frontinus,
Strategemata
1. 1. 6 on the route through Zeugma, with Sherwin-White (1984), pp.308–311.

¹³
Plutarch,
Antony
38, Dio 49. 25. 3.

¹⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
38, with Sherwin-White (1984), pp.311–315, and for the paces of draught and pack animals see A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman Army at War 100
BC—AD
200
(1996), pp.287– 296.

¹⁵
Dio 49. 25. 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 82. 2.

¹⁶
Plutarch,
Antony
38, Dio 49. 25. 3–26. 1.

¹⁷
Plutarch,
Antony
39. This incident is the basis for the assumption that he must have had more than the thirteen legions claimed by Velleius. The logic is that with two destroyed in the convoy, and ten led out in this operation, the remaining one legion would have been inadequate to guard the siege lines at Phraata. This is conjecture, and in any case ignores the possibility that elements of the ten legions also remained behind. In the end we simply do not know.

¹⁸
Plutarch,
Antony
39, Dio 49. 26. 1–27. 1, with Sherwin-White (1984), p. 318.

¹⁹
Plutarch,
Antony
40, Dio 49. 27. 2–28. 1.

²⁰
Plutarch,
Antony
41–42,
Crassus
25.

²¹
For a discussion of missile weapons and effectiveness see Goldsworthy (1996), pp.183–190, 228–229 and 232–235.

²²
Plutarch,
Antony
42 –43, Dio 49. 29. 1.

²³
Plutarch,
Antony
44–45, Dio 49. 29. 2–4.

²⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
45.

²⁵
Velleius Paterculus2. 82. 2.

²⁶
Plutarch,
Antony
46–48.

²⁷
Plutarch,
Antony
49–51, Velleius Paterculus 2. 82. 3. Dio 49. 31. 1–3, with Sherwin-White (1984), pp.320–321. Livy,
Pers.
130, also claims that 8,000 men died ‘in storms' during the march through Armenia, but does not give a figure for overall casualties. He also accuses Antony of ordering the march so that he could winter with Cleopatra.

²⁸
See N. Dixon,
On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
(1994), for an interesting discussion of Raglan and other unsuccessful leaders.

XXV Q
UEEN OF
K
INGS

¹
Plutarch,
Antony
51, Dio 49. 31. 4. M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), p. 149, suggests that Leuce Come was chosen in case the Parthians had invaded Syria.