Arabs (105 page)
3
Ibid., p. 129.
Ibid., p. 129.
4
Ibid., p. 219.
Ibid., p. 219.
5
Ibid., p. 57.
Ibid., p. 57.
6
Ibid., p. 112.
Ibid., p. 112.
7
Quoted by Albert Hourani, “The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century,”
A Vision of History
(Beirut: Khayats, 1961), p. 42.
Quoted by Albert Hourani, “The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century,”
A Vision of History
(Beirut: Khayats, 1961), p. 42.
8
Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds.,
‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 6.
Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds.,
‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 6.
9
On the Shihabs of Mount Lebanon see Kamal Salibi,
The Modern History of Lebanon
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965). On the Jalilis of Mosul, see Dina Rizk Khoury,
State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1830
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
On the Shihabs of Mount Lebanon see Kamal Salibi,
The Modern History of Lebanon
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965). On the Jalilis of Mosul, see Dina Rizk Khoury,
State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1830
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
12
Ibid., pp. 42–45.
Ibid., pp. 42–45.
14
Thomas Philipp,
Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 36.
Thomas Philipp,
Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 36.
15
Philipp and Perlmann,
Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 1, p. 636. On ’Ali Bey al-Kabir see Daniel Crecelius,
The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of ‘Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 1760–1775
(Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).
Philipp and Perlmann,
Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 1, p. 636. On ’Ali Bey al-Kabir see Daniel Crecelius,
The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of ‘Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 1760–1775
(Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).
17
Ibid., p. 638.
Ibid., p. 638.
18
Ibid., p. 639.
Ibid., p. 639.
19
This account is from the chronicle of al-Amir Haydar Ahmad al-Shihab of Mount Lebanon (1761–1835),
Al-Ghurar al-Hisan fi akhbar abna’ al-zaman
[Exemplars in the chronicles of the sons of the age]. Shihab’s chronicles were edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title
Lubnan fi ’ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin
[Lebanon in the era of the Shihabi Amirs], vol. 1 (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984), p. 79.
This account is from the chronicle of al-Amir Haydar Ahmad al-Shihab of Mount Lebanon (1761–1835),
Al-Ghurar al-Hisan fi akhbar abna’ al-zaman
[Exemplars in the chronicles of the sons of the age]. Shihab’s chronicles were edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title
Lubnan fi ’ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin
[Lebanon in the era of the Shihabi Amirs], vol. 1 (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984), p. 79.
23
This dramatic account of Zahir al-’Umar’s death is found in the chronicle of Mikha’il al-Sabbagh (c. 1784–1816),
Tarikh al-Shaykh Zahir al-‘Umar al-Zaydani
[The history of Shaykh Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani] (Harisa, Lebanon: Editions St. Paul, 1935), pp. 148–158.
This dramatic account of Zahir al-’Umar’s death is found in the chronicle of Mikha’il al-Sabbagh (c. 1784–1816),
Tarikh al-Shaykh Zahir al-‘Umar al-Zaydani
[The history of Shaykh Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani] (Harisa, Lebanon: Editions St. Paul, 1935), pp. 148–158.
26
Mikhayil Mishaqa,
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 62.
Chapter 3Mikhayil Mishaqa,
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 62.
1
Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds.,
’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 2.
Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds.,
’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 2.
2
Ibid., p. 13.
Ibid., p. 13.
3
Ibid., p. 8.
Ibid., p. 8.
4
Ibid., p. 51.
Ibid., p. 51.
7
Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot,
Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 37. See also Darrell Dykstra, “The French Occupation of Egypt,” in M. W. Daly, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Egypt
, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 113–138.
Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot,
Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 37. See also Darrell Dykstra, “The French Occupation of Egypt,” in M. W. Daly, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Egypt
, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 113–138.
9
Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 179–180.
Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 179–180.
11
Ibid., p. 201. One purse equaled 500 piasters, and the exchange rate in the 1820s was approximately U.S. $1 = 12.6 piasters.
Ibid., p. 201. One purse equaled 500 piasters, and the exchange rate in the 1820s was approximately U.S. $1 = 12.6 piasters.
12
The account of the execution of the Wahhabi leadership was given by the Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, cited in Alexei Vassiliev,
The History of Saudi Arabia
(London: Saqi, 2000), p. 155.
The account of the execution of the Wahhabi leadership was given by the Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, cited in Alexei Vassiliev,
The History of Saudi Arabia
(London: Saqi, 2000), p. 155.
13
Khaled Fahmy,
All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 92.
Khaled Fahmy,
All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 92.
14
Mustafa Rashid Celebi Efendi, cited in ibid., p. 81.
Mustafa Rashid Celebi Efendi, cited in ibid., p. 81.
15
Letter from Muhammad ‘Ali to his agent Najib Efendi dated October 6, 1827, translated by Fahmy in
All the Pasha’s Men
, pp. 59–60.
Letter from Muhammad ‘Ali to his agent Najib Efendi dated October 6, 1827, translated by Fahmy in
All the Pasha’s Men
, pp. 59–60.
16
Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 chronicle,
al-Jawab ’ala iqtirah al-ahbab
[The response to the suggestion of the loved ones] was translated by Wheeler Thackston and published under the title
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), pp. 165–169.
Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 chronicle,
al-Jawab ’ala iqtirah al-ahbab
[The response to the suggestion of the loved ones] was translated by Wheeler Thackston and published under the title
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), pp. 165–169.
17
Ibid., pp. 172–174.
Ibid., pp. 172–174.
18
Ibid., pp. 178–187.
Ibid., pp. 178–187.
21
London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 15–17 September 1840, reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 271–275.
Chapter 4London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 15–17 September 1840, reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 271–275.
1
For a complete English translation and study of al-Tahtawi’s work,
Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz
[The extraction of pure gold in the abridgement of Paris], see Daniel L. Newman,
An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831)
(London: Saqi, 2004).
For a complete English translation and study of al-Tahtawi’s work,
Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz
[The extraction of pure gold in the abridgement of Paris], see Daniel L. Newman,
An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831)
(London: Saqi, 2004).
2
Ibid., pp. 99, 249.
Ibid., pp. 99, 249.
3
Ibid., pp. 105, 161.
Ibid., pp. 105, 161.
4
The analysis of the constitution is reproduced in ibid., pp. 194–213.
The analysis of the constitution is reproduced in ibid., pp. 194–213.
5
Al-Tahtawi’s analysis of the July Revolution of 1830 may be found in ibid., pp. 303–330.
Al-Tahtawi’s analysis of the July Revolution of 1830 may be found in ibid., pp. 303–330.
6
A translation of the 1839 Reform Decree is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 269–271.
A translation of the 1839 Reform Decree is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 269–271.
7
The text of the 1856 Decree is reproduced in ibid., pp. 315–318.
The text of the 1856 Decree is reproduced in ibid., pp. 315–318.
8
The diary of Muhammad Sa‘id al-Ustuwana, the Ottoman judge of Damascus, was edited and published by As’ad al-Ustuwana,
Mashahid wa ahdath dimishqiyya fi muntasif al-qarn al-tasi’ ’ashar (1840–1861)
[Eyewitness to Damascene events in the mid-nineteenth century, 1840–1861] (Damascus: Dar al-Jumhuriyya, 1993), p. 162.
The diary of Muhammad Sa‘id al-Ustuwana, the Ottoman judge of Damascus, was edited and published by As’ad al-Ustuwana,
Mashahid wa ahdath dimishqiyya fi muntasif al-qarn al-tasi’ ’ashar (1840–1861)
[Eyewitness to Damascene events in the mid-nineteenth century, 1840–1861] (Damascus: Dar al-Jumhuriyya, 1993), p. 162.
9
Jonathan Frankel,
The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Jonathan Frankel,
The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10
Bruce Masters, “The 1850 Events in Aleppo: An Aftershock of Syria’s Incorporation into the Capitalist World System,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
22 (1990): 3–20.
Bruce Masters, “The 1850 Events in Aleppo: An Aftershock of Syria’s Incorporation into the Capitalist World System,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
22 (1990): 3–20.
11
Leila Fawaz,
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
(London: I. B. Tauris, 1994); and Ussama Makdisi,
The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
Leila Fawaz,
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
(London: I. B. Tauris, 1994); and Ussama Makdisi,
The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
12
The memoirs of Abu al-Sa‘ud al-Hasibi, Muslim notable of Damascus, as quoted by Kamal Salibi in “The 1860 Upheaval in Damascus as Seen by al-Sayyid Muhammad Abu’l-Su’ud al-Hasibi, Notable and Later
Naqib al-Ashraf
of the City,” in William Polk and Richard Chambers, eds.,
Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 190.
The memoirs of Abu al-Sa‘ud al-Hasibi, Muslim notable of Damascus, as quoted by Kamal Salibi in “The 1860 Upheaval in Damascus as Seen by al-Sayyid Muhammad Abu’l-Su’ud al-Hasibi, Notable and Later
Naqib al-Ashraf
of the City,” in William Polk and Richard Chambers, eds.,
Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 190.
13
Wheeler Thackston Jr. has translated Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 history under the title
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 244.
Wheeler Thackston Jr. has translated Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 history under the title
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 244.
14
Mishaqa’s report to the U.S. Consul in Beirut of September 27, 1860, in Arabic, is held in the National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
Mishaqa’s report to the U.S. Consul in Beirut of September 27, 1860, in Arabic, is held in the National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
17
David Landes,
Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 91–92.
David Landes,
Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 91–92.
19
Janet Abu Lughod,
Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 98–113.
Janet Abu Lughod,
Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 98–113.
20
The autobiography of Khayr al-Din, “À mes enfants” [To my children], was edited by M. S. Mzali and J. Pignon and published under the title “Documents sur Kheredine,”
Revue Tunisienne
(1934): 177–225, 347–396. Passage cited appears on p. 183.
The autobiography of Khayr al-Din, “À mes enfants” [To my children], was edited by M. S. Mzali and J. Pignon and published under the title “Documents sur Kheredine,”
Revue Tunisienne
(1934): 177–225, 347–396. Passage cited appears on p. 183.
21
Khayr al-Din’s political treatise,
Aqwam al-masalik li ma‘rifat ahwal al-mamalik
[The surest path to knowledge concerning the conditions of countries], was translated and edited by Leon Carl Brown,
The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-Century Muslim Statesman
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967).
Khayr al-Din’s political treatise,
Aqwam al-masalik li ma‘rifat ahwal al-mamalik
[The surest path to knowledge concerning the conditions of countries], was translated and edited by Leon Carl Brown,
The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-Century Muslim Statesman
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967).
22
Ibid., pp. 77–78.
Ibid., pp. 77–78.
23
Jean Ganiage,
Les Origines du Protectorat francaise en Tunisie (1861–1881)
(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959); L. Carl Brown,
The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1837–1855)
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974); and Lisa Anderson,
The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
Jean Ganiage,
Les Origines du Protectorat francaise en Tunisie (1861–1881)
(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959); L. Carl Brown,
The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1837–1855)
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974); and Lisa Anderson,
The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
25
Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 186–187.
Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 186–187.
26
P. J. Vatikiotis,
The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat
(London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
P. J. Vatikiotis,
The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat
(London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
28
Ahmet Cevdet Pasha in Charles Issawi,
The Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 349–351; and Roderic Davison,
Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 112.
Ahmet Cevdet Pasha in Charles Issawi,
The Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 349–351; and Roderic Davison,
Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 112.
29
Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 189–190.
Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 189–190.
31
Ibid., pp. 122–152.
Chapter 5Ibid., pp. 122–152.
1
Both texts are reproduced in Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 227–231.
Both texts are reproduced in Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 227–231.
4
The original texts of both agreements, with English translation, are reproduced in Raphael Danziger,
Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation
(New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977), pp. 241–260. For maps showing the territories allotted France and Algeria under these treaties, see ibid., between pp. 95–96 and between pp. 157–158.
The original texts of both agreements, with English translation, are reproduced in Raphael Danziger,
Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation
(New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977), pp. 241–260. For maps showing the territories allotted France and Algeria under these treaties, see ibid., between pp. 95–96 and between pp. 157–158.
6
Ibid., p. 223.
Ibid., p. 223.
7
A. de France,
Abd-El-Kader’s Prisoners; or Five Months’ Captivity Among the Arabs
(London: Smith, Elder and Co., n.d.), pp. 108–110.
A. de France,
Abd-El-Kader’s Prisoners; or Five Months’ Captivity Among the Arabs
(London: Smith, Elder and Co., n.d.), pp. 108–110.
8
Bellemare,
Abd-el-Kader
, pp. 286–289. Abd al-Qadir’s son wrote on the impact of the capture of the zimala on his soldiers’ morale in
Tuhfat al-za’ir fi tarikh al-Jaza’ir wa’l-Amir ’Abd al-Qadir
(Beirut: Dar al-Yaqiza al-‘Arabiyya, 1964), pp. 428–431.
Bellemare,
Abd-el-Kader
, pp. 286–289. Abd al-Qadir’s son wrote on the impact of the capture of the zimala on his soldiers’ morale in
Tuhfat al-za’ir fi tarikh al-Jaza’ir wa’l-Amir ’Abd al-Qadir
(Beirut: Dar al-Yaqiza al-‘Arabiyya, 1964), pp. 428–431.
9
Tangier Convention for the Restoration of Friendly Relations: France and Morocco, September 10, 1844, reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, pp. 286–287.
Tangier Convention for the Restoration of Friendly Relations: France and Morocco, September 10, 1844, reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, pp. 286–287.
11
Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,
vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 190–191. Note that French francs converted to pounds sterling at FF25 = £1, and the Turkish pound converted at the rate of £T1 = £0.909.
Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,
vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 190–191. Note that French francs converted to pounds sterling at FF25 = £1, and the Turkish pound converted at the rate of £T1 = £0.909.
12
Urabi contributed an autobiographical essay to Jurji Zaydan’s biographical dictionary,
Tarajim Mashahir al-Sharq fi’l-qarn al-tasi’ ‘ashar
[Biographies of famous people of the East in the nineteenth century], vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1910), pp. 254–280 (hereafter Urabi memoirs).
Urabi contributed an autobiographical essay to Jurji Zaydan’s biographical dictionary,
Tarajim Mashahir al-Sharq fi’l-qarn al-tasi’ ‘ashar
[Biographies of famous people of the East in the nineteenth century], vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1910), pp. 254–280 (hereafter Urabi memoirs).
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