Arabs (106 page)
13
Ibid., p. 261.
Ibid., p. 261.
14
Urabi recounted these events to Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in 1903, who reproduced the account in his
Secret History of the British Occupation of Egypt
(New York: Howard Fertig, 1967, reprint of 1922 ed.), p. 369.
Urabi recounted these events to Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in 1903, who reproduced the account in his
Secret History of the British Occupation of Egypt
(New York: Howard Fertig, 1967, reprint of 1922 ed.), p. 369.
15
Urabi memoirs, p. 269.
Urabi memoirs, p. 269.
16
Ibid., p. 270.
Ibid., p. 270.
17
Ibid., p. 272.
Ibid., p. 272.
19
Urabi memoirs, p. 274.
Urabi memoirs, p. 274.
22
Ibid., pp. 375–376.
Ibid., pp. 375–376.
25
On the “scramble for Africa” and the Fashoda Incident see Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher,
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism,
2nd ed. (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1981).
On the “scramble for Africa” and the Fashoda Incident see Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher,
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism,
2nd ed. (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1981).
27
Ibid., pp. 508–510.
Ibid., pp. 508–510.
29
Cited by Ami Ayalon in his
The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 15.
Cited by Ami Ayalon in his
The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 15.
30
Cited in ibid., p. 30.
Cited in ibid., p. 30.
31
Cited in ibid., p. 31.
Cited in ibid., p. 31.
32
Martin Hartmann,
The Arabic Press of Egypt
(London, Luzac, 1899), pp. 52–85, cited in Roger Owen,
Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 251.
Martin Hartmann,
The Arabic Press of Egypt
(London, Luzac, 1899), pp. 52–85, cited in Roger Owen,
Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 251.
33
Albert Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939
(London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 113.
Albert Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939
(London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 113.
35
Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, trans. and eds.,
‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), pp. 252–253.
Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, trans. and eds.,
‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt
, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), pp. 252–253.
36
Daniel L. Newman,
An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831)
(London: Saqi, 2004), p. 177.
Daniel L. Newman,
An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831)
(London: Saqi, 2004), p. 177.
38
Judith Tucker,
Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 129.
Judith Tucker,
Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 129.
39
Qasim Amin,
The Liberation of Women
, trans. Samiha Sidhom Peterson (Cairo: American University at Cairo Press, 1992), p. 12.
Qasim Amin,
The Liberation of Women
, trans. Samiha Sidhom Peterson (Cairo: American University at Cairo Press, 1992), p. 12.
40
Ibid., p. 15.
Ibid., p. 15.
41
Ibid., p. 72.
Ibid., p. 72.
42
Ibid., p. 75.
Ibid., p. 75.
44
Ibid., p. 60.
Ibid., p. 60.
45
Ibid., pp. 60–61. The translator here used the term
upset
where the Arabic term is stronger, meaning “grief.”
Chapter 6Ibid., pp. 60–61. The translator here used the term
upset
where the Arabic term is stronger, meaning “grief.”
1
“De Bunsen Committee Report,” in J. C. Hurewitz, ed.,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 26–46.
“De Bunsen Committee Report,” in J. C. Hurewitz, ed.,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics
, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 26–46.
2
The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence has been reproduced in ibid., pp. 46–56.
The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence has been reproduced in ibid., pp. 46–56.
3
Quote from the unpublished memoirs of the resident of Karak, ’Uda al-Qusus, cited in Eugene Rogan,
Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1851–1921
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 232–233.
Quote from the unpublished memoirs of the resident of Karak, ’Uda al-Qusus, cited in Eugene Rogan,
Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1851–1921
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 232–233.
4
The Sykes-Picot Agreement is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 60–64.
The Sykes-Picot Agreement is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 60–64.
5
George Antonius,
The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938), p. 248.
George Antonius,
The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938), p. 248.
6
The Basle Program of the First Zionist Congress is reproduced in Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz,
The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 429.
The Basle Program of the First Zionist Congress is reproduced in Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz,
The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 429.
8
The Balfour Declaration is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 101–106.
The Balfour Declaration is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 101–106.
9
Cemal Pasha’s remarks were published in
al-Sharq
newspaper, cited in Antonius,
Arab Awakening
, pp. 255–256.
Cemal Pasha’s remarks were published in
al-Sharq
newspaper, cited in Antonius,
Arab Awakening
, pp. 255–256.
10
Anglo-French Declaration of November 7, 1918, cited in ibid., pp. 435–436; Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, p. 112.
Anglo-French Declaration of November 7, 1918, cited in ibid., pp. 435–436; Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, p. 112.
11
The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds.,
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
(New York: Penguin, 1985), pp. 19–20.
The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds.,
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
(New York: Penguin, 1985), pp. 19–20.
14
The King-Crane Report was first published in
Editor & Publisher
55, 27, 2nd section, December 2, 1922. An abridged version of their recommendations is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 191–99.
The King-Crane Report was first published in
Editor & Publisher
55, 27, 2nd section, December 2, 1922. An abridged version of their recommendations is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 191–99.
15
Abu Khaldun Sati’ al-Husri,
The day of Maysalun: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs
(Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1966), pp. 107–108.
Abu Khaldun Sati’ al-Husri,
The day of Maysalun: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs
(Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1966), pp. 107–108.
16
Reproduced in the Arabic edition of Sati’ al-Husri,
Yawm Maysalun
(Beirut: Maktabat al-Kishaf, 1947), plate 25. On the political use of slogans, see James L. Gelvin,
Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire
(Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
Reproduced in the Arabic edition of Sati’ al-Husri,
Yawm Maysalun
(Beirut: Maktabat al-Kishaf, 1947), plate 25. On the political use of slogans, see James L. Gelvin,
Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire
(Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
17
Al-Husri,
Day of Maysalun
, p. 130; this is confirmed in the confidential appendix of the King-Crane Report, written for the American delegation at Paris.
Al-Husri,
Day of Maysalun
, p. 130; this is confirmed in the confidential appendix of the King-Crane Report, written for the American delegation at Paris.
18
Yusif al-Hakim,
Suriyya wa’l-‘ahd al-Faysali
[Syria and the Faysali era] (Beirut: Dar An-Nahar, 1986), p. 102.
Yusif al-Hakim,
Suriyya wa’l-‘ahd al-Faysali
[Syria and the Faysali era] (Beirut: Dar An-Nahar, 1986), p. 102.
19
“Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus,” reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 180–182.
“Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus,” reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 180–182.
20
“King-Crane Recommendations,” in ibid., p. 195.
“King-Crane Recommendations,” in ibid., p. 195.
23
McPherson’s letters on the 1919 Revolution are reproduced in Barry Carman and John McPherson, eds.,
The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson
(London: Ariel Books, 1985), pp. 204–221.
McPherson’s letters on the 1919 Revolution are reproduced in Barry Carman and John McPherson, eds.,
The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson
(London: Ariel Books, 1985), pp. 204–221.
24
Huda Shaarawi,
Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist
, trans. and ed. Margot Badran (New York: The Feminist Press, 1986), p. 34.
Huda Shaarawi,
Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist
, trans. and ed. Margot Badran (New York: The Feminist Press, 1986), p. 34.
25
Ibid., pp. 39–40.
Ibid., pp. 39–40.
26
Ibid., p. 55.
Ibid., p. 55.
27
Ibid., pp. 92–94.
Ibid., pp. 92–94.
28
Al-Istiqlal,
October 6, 1920, reproduced in Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani,
al-‘Iraq fi dawray al-ihtilal wa’l intidab
[Iraq in the occupation and mandate eras] (Sidon: al-’Irfan, 1935), pp. 117–118.
Al-Istiqlal,
October 6, 1920, reproduced in Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani,
al-‘Iraq fi dawray al-ihtilal wa’l intidab
[Iraq in the occupation and mandate eras] (Sidon: al-’Irfan, 1935), pp. 117–118.
30
Published by Shaykh Muhammad Baqr al-Shabibi in Najaf, July 30, 1920. Reproduced in al-Hasani,
al-‘Iraq
, pp. 167–168.
Published by Shaykh Muhammad Baqr al-Shabibi in Najaf, July 30, 1920. Reproduced in al-Hasani,
al-‘Iraq
, pp. 167–168.
31
Ghassan R. Atiyya,
Iraq, 1908–1921: A Political Study
(Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1973).
Ghassan R. Atiyya,
Iraq, 1908–1921: A Political Study
(Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1973).
32
Muhammad Abd al-Husayn, writing in the Najaf newspaper
al-Istiqlal
, October 6, 1920, reproduced in al-Hasani,
al-’Iraq
, pp. 117–118.
Muhammad Abd al-Husayn, writing in the Najaf newspaper
al-Istiqlal
, October 6, 1920, reproduced in al-Hasani,
al-’Iraq
, pp. 117–118.
33
Aylmer L. Haldane,
The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920
(Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), p. 331.
Chapter 7Aylmer L. Haldane,
The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920
(Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), p. 331.
1
Charles E. Davies,
The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820
(Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1997), pp. 5–8, 190. See also Sultan Muhammad al-Qasimi,
The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf
(London: Croom Helm, 1986).
Charles E. Davies,
The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820
(Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1997), pp. 5–8, 190. See also Sultan Muhammad al-Qasimi,
The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf
(London: Croom Helm, 1986).
2
Agreement between Britain and the Shaykh of Bahrain signed December 22, 1880, in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 432.
Agreement between Britain and the Shaykh of Bahrain signed December 22, 1880, in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs
, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 432.
3
From the Exclusive Agreement between Bahrain and Britain signed March 13, 1892, in ibid., p. 466.
From the Exclusive Agreement between Bahrain and Britain signed March 13, 1892, in ibid., p. 466.
4
Great Britain,
Parliamentary Debates, Commons
, 5th ser., vol. 55, cols. 1465–1466, cited in ibid., p. 570.
Great Britain,
Parliamentary Debates, Commons
, 5th ser., vol. 55, cols. 1465–1466, cited in ibid., p. 570.
5
De Bunsen Report of June 30, 1915, reprinted in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 28–29.
De Bunsen Report of June 30, 1915, reprinted in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 28–29.
6
Middle East Centre Archives, St. Antony’s College, Oxford (hereafter MECA), Philby Papers 15/5/241, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated February 8, 1918.
Middle East Centre Archives, St. Antony’s College, Oxford (hereafter MECA), Philby Papers 15/5/241, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated February 8, 1918.
7
MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/261, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated May 7, 1918.
MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/261, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated May 7, 1918.
9
Documents captured by Saudi forces in the second battle of Khurma (June 23–July 9, 1918) showed Hashemite forces numbered 1,689 infantry and some 900 cavalry and other troops, for a total of 2,636 troops. MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/264.
Documents captured by Saudi forces in the second battle of Khurma (June 23–July 9, 1918) showed Hashemite forces numbered 1,689 infantry and some 900 cavalry and other troops, for a total of 2,636 troops. MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/264.
10
MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/9 and 15/2/30, two copies of Ibn Saud’s letter to Sharif Husayn dated August 14, 1918.
MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/9 and 15/2/30, two copies of Ibn Saud’s letter to Sharif Husayn dated August 14, 1918.
11
MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/276, letter from Sharif Husayn to Shakir bin Zayd dated August 29, 1918.
MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/276, letter from Sharif Husayn to Shakir bin Zayd dated August 29, 1918.
13
Ibid., p. 183; Mary Wilson,
King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 37.
Ibid., p. 183; Mary Wilson,
King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 37.
16
Cited in Timothy J. Paris,
Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925
(London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 1.
Cited in Timothy J. Paris,
Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925
(London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 1.
18
The memoirs of Awda al-Qusus (1877–1943), a Christian from the southern town of al-Karak, have never been published. All passages quoted here are from the ninth chapter of the Arabic typescript on Amir Abdullah in Transjordan.
The memoirs of Awda al-Qusus (1877–1943), a Christian from the southern town of al-Karak, have never been published. All passages quoted here are from the ninth chapter of the Arabic typescript on Amir Abdullah in Transjordan.
19
Awda al-Qusus reproduced the indictment, dated November 1, 1923, in his memoirs, p. 163. A copy of the indictment reached him in Jidda on January 9, 1924.
Awda al-Qusus reproduced the indictment, dated November 1, 1923, in his memoirs, p. 163. A copy of the indictment reached him in Jidda on January 9, 1924.
20
Uriel Dann,
Studies in the History of Transjordan, 1920–1949: The Making of a State
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), pp. 81–92.
Uriel Dann,
Studies in the History of Transjordan, 1920–1949: The Making of a State
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), pp. 81–92.
21
Letter of July 8, 1921. The letters of Gertrude Bell have been made accessible on the Internet by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne Library’s Gertrude Bell Project,
http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/
.
Letter of July 8, 1921. The letters of Gertrude Bell have been made accessible on the Internet by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne Library’s Gertrude Bell Project,
http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/
.
23
Gertrude Bell, letter of August 28, 1921.
Gertrude Bell, letter of August 28, 1921.
24
Muhammad Mahdi Kubba,
Mudhakkirati fi samim al-ahdath, 1918–1958
[My memoirs at the center of events, 1918–1958] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘a, 1965), pp. 22–25.
Muhammad Mahdi Kubba,
Mudhakkirati fi samim al-ahdath, 1918–1958
[My memoirs at the center of events, 1918–1958] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘a, 1965), pp. 22–25.
25
The text of the 1922 treaty is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 310–312.
The text of the 1922 treaty is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 310–312.
27
Faysal’s confidential memo was cited in Hanna Batatu,
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 25–26.
Faysal’s confidential memo was cited in Hanna Batatu,
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 25–26.
28
Zaghlul’s comments quoted in “Bitter Harvest,”
Al-Ahram Weekly Online
, October 12–18, 2000,
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/
.
Zaghlul’s comments quoted in “Bitter Harvest,”
Al-Ahram Weekly Online
, October 12–18, 2000,
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/
.
30
Ibid., p. 87. The casualty figures are from a sympathetic political biography of Sidqi by Malak Badrawi,
Isma’il Sidqi, 1875–1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth-Century Egypt
(Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1996), p. 61.
Ibid., p. 87. The casualty figures are from a sympathetic political biography of Sidqi by Malak Badrawi,
Isma’il Sidqi, 1875–1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth-Century Egypt
(Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1996), p. 61.
32
Population figures for the Ottoman period are particularly unreliable. This has been compounded by the highly politicized nature of demography in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
The most reliable source is Justin McCarthy,
The Population of Palestine
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). These figures are from table 1.4D, p. 10.
Population figures for the Ottoman period are particularly unreliable. This has been compounded by the highly politicized nature of demography in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
The most reliable source is Justin McCarthy,
The Population of Palestine
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). These figures are from table 1.4D, p. 10.
33
Ibid., p. 224.
Ibid., p. 224.
34
Neville J. Mandel,
The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); Hasan Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 103–106.
Neville J. Mandel,
The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); Hasan Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 103–106.
35
Immigration figures from McCarthy,
Population of Palestine
, p. 224; casualty figures from Charles Smith,
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2001), pp. 113, 130.
Immigration figures from McCarthy,
Population of Palestine
, p. 224; casualty figures from Charles Smith,
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2001), pp. 113, 130.
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