Army of Evil: A History of the SS (68 page)

Grynszpan family, 164

Guderian, Heinz, 218, 404

Günther, SS-Major, 345

Gypsies, 172, 190, 193, 228, 245n, 310, 327, 372, 389, 397

Hackenholt, Lorenz, 343, 344, 349

Haganah (Zionist group), 160, 161, 167

Hagen, Herbert, 159, 160, 161, 162

Haig, Field Marshal Douglas, 6

Hallervorden, Julius, 189

Hanfstängl, Ernst “Putzi,” 19

Hanke, Karl, 407

Harrer, Karl, 12

Hartheim Castle, 180, 181, 186, 187, 352, 353

Hartjenstein, Friedrich, 393

Hausser, Paul, 205–6, 210, 211, 212, 213, 222

Heidborn, Anton, 317

Heiden, Erhard, 26, 27, 30, 32, 44, 45, 49

Heines, Edmund, 25, 91

Heinrici, Gotthard, 404

Heinze, Hans, 177–78

Heissmeyer, August, 111, 116, 117

Helldorf, Graf Wolf von, 25

Hering, Gottlieb, 363

Hess, Rudolf, 21, 26, 89, 238

Hesse, 132

Hesse, Fritz, 276, 278

Hewel, Walther, 16, 276

Heyde, Dr. Werner, 97, 182

Heydrich, Reinhard, 74–80

amateurism of, 131, 139, 141

appointed SS Chief of Intelligence (1931), 74, 79–80

assassination of (May 1942), 148–49

bogus Polish attacks and, 138–39

control of police system, 110, 132, 159

deportation of Jews and, 239, 241, 242, 330

von Fritsch affair and, 218

Gestapo and, 86, 90, 131–32, 159, 166, 167

Himmler and, 74, 79–80, 83, 86, 149

“Jewish Question” and, 161–62, 164, 166, 227–28, 327–37

Alfred Naujocks and, 136–38

naval career, 77–78, 79, 112

purge of SA (June/July 1934) and, 91, 92

resettlement scheme and, 237, 239

Ernst Röhm and, 90

RSHA and, 140, 142, 149, 227, 306–8

SD and, 83, 110, 111, 130–31, 133–34, 140, 141, 155, 159

Sipo—Security Police and, 133–34, 140, 159

special task groups in Poland and, 225, 226, 227–28, 242

special task groups in Soviet Union and, 306–8

Wannsee Conference and, 327–37

Hilberg, Raul, 243n, 245, 310, 321, 363, 379

Hildebrandt, Richard, 129, 231

Hillen-Ziegfeld, Arnold, 277

Himmler, Heinrich

agricultural career, 3, 39, 45

anti-Semitism of, 38, 41–42, 66, 323

appoints Heydrich as Chief of Intelligence (1931), 74, 79–80

Auschwitz and, 375

background of, 2–3, 33–37

central organisation of SS and, 74, 110–14, 118, 132, 143, 159

character of, 2–3, 37, 38, 41, 42, 399, 404, 405

Chief of German Police (from 1936), 114, 133, 219, 402

childhood and education, 3, 35–36, 37

Commander of Bavarian Political Police (from April 1933), 83

Commander-in-Chief of Replacement Army, 401, 402, 403, 404

concentration camps and, 84, 95, 97–98, 100, 114

control of policing and security apparatus, 2, 74, 85, 86, 90, 110, 132, 133

criminals in Waffen-SS and, 269–70, 273

Kurt Daluege and, 60–61

deportation of Jews and, 239, 241

as deputy regional leader for Lower Bavaria, 42–43

early SS career (1927–29), 44–45

Theodor Eicke and, 95, 96, 97–98, 105

escape attempt (May 1945), 408–9

euthanasia programme and, 4, 179, 180, 186, 187

family of, 33–36, 37, 38, 39, 41

First World War and, 36–37

Freikorps (Free Corps) and, 37–38

Wilhelm Frick and, 84, 85, 133

von Fritsch affair and, 216–217, 218

German defeat and, 398–99, 405, 407

Hermann Goering and, 85–86, 87, 90, 123

Heydrich and, 74–75, 79, 80, 83, 86, 149

Holocaust and, 151, 320–23, 338, 340, 358, 362, 363, 385, 386, 392, 394, 396

HSSPF (Senior SS and Police Leader) role and, 140, 231, 338, 339–40

Hungary and, 391–92, 393

ideology and, 2, 4, 124, 180, 194, 256, 412–13

in Imperial Flag/War Flag, 39, 40, 41

joins SS (August 1925), 42–43

last meeting with Hitler (20 April 1945), 405

leadership qualities, 3, 37

Marriage Law of SS (December 1931), 64–65

militarised units of SS and, 2, 111,197, 199, 200, 201, 203–4, 205, 206, 210, 215, 219, 246, 247

military commands (1944–45), 403–4

military training/career, 3, 36–37, 38, 39

mistresses of, 408n

motto of SS and, 60–61

National Leader of SS (from January 1929), 2, 33, 46, 48–51, 402, 412

non-German Waffen-SS recruits and, 118, 256, 264, 265, 266–67, 268, 294, 303, 304

NSDAP career, 4, 40–45

observes mass execution (Minsk, 1941), 320, 325

occult beliefs and, 124, 126, 128

organisational skills, 3, 33, 37, 41, 42, 44

peace offer to Western Allies (23 April 1945), 405–6, 407

personal life, 38, 44, 45, 408n

physical criteria for SS recruitment and, 63–64, 203–4

Oswald Pohl and, 112–13, 115

Poland and, 225, 227, 228, 231, 234

police chief of Munich (from March 1933), 73, 80, 83

racial theory and, 2, 61–62, 63–65, 66, 120–21, 256, 413

resettlement scheme and, 237–40

RKF—Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of “Germandom,” 237, 238, 367

Ernst Röhm and, 39, 40, 41, 49, 93

RSHA and, 143, 149, 238

SA and, 42, 43, 49, 59, 90, 91, 92, 93

on Julius Schreck, 30n

Soviet campaign and, 319, 321, 323

stripped of all state and party roles (29 April 1945), 407

suicide of (23 May 1945), 2, 409

“Thoughts on the Treatment of Foreign Populations in the East” (May 1940), 240

university education, 3, 38–39

Waffen-SS and, 251, 254, 264, 266, 267, 268

Himmler, Margarete (“Marga”) (wife of Himmler, née Siegroth), 44, 45

Hindenburg, Oskar von, 71, 82

Hindenburg, Paul von, 68–69, 72–73, 80, 83, 88, 90

death of (August 1934), 94

von Papen and, 69, 70, 71, 73

von Schleicher and, 72–73

historical artefacts, plunder of, 128

Hitler, Adolf

1918–21 period, 10, 11–15

1940 plans for post-WW2, 267

alliance with Hugenberg, 51

anti-Jewish legislation and, 152–53

anti-Semitism of, 13, 21, 67, 192, 224, 306

assumes leadership of NSDAP (1921), 14

Balkans invasion (1941), 296–97

becomes Chancellor (January 1933), 73, 80

becomes President (August 1934), 94

von Blomberg/von Fritsch affairs and, 216–17

bomb plot against (July 1944), 107, 145, 229n, 309n, 400–2

Communism and, 11, 14, 298, 300, 306

criminals in Waffen-SS and, 269

Denmark and, 388

Enabling Act (March 1933), 80, 83, 198

euthanasia programme and, 4, 175–77, 186, 188, 191–92

imprisonment (1923–24), 21, 22, 23–24

inner cadre (
Chauffeureska
), 16, 26, 46, 48

“Jewish Question” and, 166, 232, 235, 240, 241, 242

July 1932–January 1933 period, 69, 70, 72, 73

Kommando
escort, 204

legal parliamentary strategy, 23, 25, 52, 55, 56, 59, 132

Mein Kampf
(My Struggle) (1924), 21, 23, 66–67, 192, 298

Munich
Putsch
anniversary (1938), 165

Munich
Putsch
(November 1923) and, 18, 19–20, 24, 25, 31, 40, 47

non-German Waffen-SS recruits and, 265, 276, 290–91, 300, 303

objectives in Poland, 225, 232, 234

objectives in Soviet Union, 306–7, 310

OKW Supreme Commander, 217, 301

political strategy, 17–18, 21–22, 23, 25, 52, 55, 56, 59, 132

presidential candidate (1932), 68–69

principle of leadership and, 54, 66–67

propaganda and, 45, 53

release from prison (20 December 1924), 23–24, 25

resettlement scheme for ethnic Germans, 237–40

resistance network to within German establishment, 399–402

Ernst Röhm and, 15, 24, 25, 28, 58, 89, 90, 91, 92–93

SA and, 15, 16, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 49, 56–58, 59–60, 88–91

SS and, 28, 29, 31, 60, 118, 198–99, 200

SS-Special Purpose Troops and, 200, 212, 215, 219, 220, 246–47

Otto Strasser and, 54–55

suicide of (30 April 1945), 396, 407

trial of (1924), 20–21

universal conscription and, 216

Hoche, Alfred, 173–74

Hoeppner, General, 251

Höfle, Hermann, 340, 364

Hofmann, Otto, 129, 328, 336

Högl, Peter, 407

Höhn, Reinhard, 135, 136

Höhne, Heinz, 32, 40n, 138n, 167, 412

Holocaust, 1

Eichmann and, 144, 192n, 375–76, 384–85, 391

euthanasia programme as precursor of, 169, 184, 191–92, 341

execution method research, 320–21, 343–44, 376–77

“final solution to the Jewish problem,” 135, 168, 169, 327–37

Himmler and, 151, 320–23, 338, 340, 358, 362, 363, 385, 386, 392, 394, 396

Hitler’s secrecy and, 192

Operation Reinhard, 3–4, 321, 325, 327, 338, 340–50, 341n, 353–64, 384

RSHA and, 142–43, 144, 345, 384

stages of, 151

Waffen-SS and, 146, 193, 194, 196, 222, 315–19, 341

Wannsee Conference and, 327–37, 338

see also
extermination/death camps

Höppner, Rolf-Heinz, 325

Horthy, Miklós, 390–92

Höss, Rudolf, 99, 106, 194, 368–70, 375–77, 378, 380, 393, 397

HSSPF (Senior SS and Police Leader) role, 139–40, 231–32, 322, 338, 339, 345

Huber, Franz Josef, 131

Huber, Kurt, 146

Hugenberg, Alfred, 51, 120

Hungary, 262, 263, 264, 271, 293, 303, 304, 330, 332, 335, 381, 392

deportation of Jews from, 335, 390–93

hyperinflation, 14, 17, 25, 40, 51, 52

Ibrahim, Mohammed, 291

IG Farben, 96, 180, 375, 383, 393

Imperial Flag/War Flag (militia), 24, 39, 40–41

Independent Socialists (USPD), 6, 7

India, 287–91, 294

insignia, 61–62, 116, 127, 213, 278, 290

Institute of Aviation Medicine, 100, 102

Irish Republic, 148

Islam, 304

Italy, 97, 296, 335, 388–89, 398, 405

Jäger, Karl, 311

Japan, 152, 262, 290, 327

Jeckeln, Friedrich, 314, 321

Jehovah’s Witnesses, 108–9, 372

Jenne, Richard, 190

Jews

Anschluss
(1938) and, 163

Central Offices for Jewish Emigration, 163, 167, 235, 329

definitions of Jewishness, 151–52, 153, 334

deportation policy, 144, 163, 228, 235–37, 239, 240–42, 329–30, 351–52

deportation to Poland of, 235–37, 239, 330, 337, 385

deportations to Auschwitz, 375, 377–79, 381, 386–93

emigration policy, 156, 160, 161, 162, 167–68, 235, 329–30, 364

estimated numbers of (Heydrich’s figures, 1942), 331–32

euthanasia programme and, 182, 187

German legislation and, 151–55

Gestapo persecution of, 154–55, 159, 167, 235–36, 351–52

ghettoisation of, 228, 239, 242–45, 334, 340, 385

immigration quotas in other countries, 156, 167

inhabitants of Auschwitz town, 367, 375

Jewish councils in ghettos, 243, 244

Madagascar plan, 240–41, 242

Nuremberg Laws (1935), 152–55

Palestine and, 156, 160–62, 167, 168, 235, 391

persecution by local populations, 312, 313–14

Reich Representatives of German Jews, 160

SD and “Jewish Question,” 154, 155–56, 158–62, 163, 167–68, 235, 384

of South-East Europe/the Balkans, 335, 379, 381, 389–93

Wannsee Conference and, 327–37

see also
anti-Semitism; Holocaust

Jews, Polish

councils of “Jewish elders,” 228, 370

German persecution of, 4, 98n, 224–25, 227–29, 232–34, 321–22, 326–27, 371, 377

in Germany/Austria, 164–65

Józéfow massacre (July 1942), 321–22

Operation Reinhard, 4, 321, 325, 327, 338, 340–50, 341n, 353–65, 384

Jews in Soviet Union, 306–7, 310

Babi Yar massacre (September 1941), 314–18

German persecution of, 3, 310–21, 322, 323–24, 331

Jews of Western Europe, 332, 335

deportation of, 167–68, 241, 330, 354, 364, 384–89

deportation to Auschwitz, 375, 384, 385–91

Madagascar plan, 240, 241–42

mass murder of, 354, 355

Jodl, Alfred, 306

Jordan, Wilhelm, 126

Jost, Heinz, 136, 138, 141, 398

Józéfow massacre (July 1942), 321–22

Jüttner, Hans, 118, 214

Kahr, Gustav Ritter von, 17, 18

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 149–50, 403, 405, 411

Kampfbund
(Combat League), 17, 18, 24, 40

Kampfverlag (publishing house), 54

Kastner, Rudolf, 391

Kaufbeuren-Irsee asylum, 183, 189, 190

Keitel, Wilhelm, 217, 219

Kershaw, Ian, 53–54

Kielce ghetto, 243

Klagenfurt officer cadet school, 209n

Klein, Fritz, 379

Klop, Major, 147

Klopfer, Gerhard, 328

Knauer family, 176–77, 178

Knöchlein, Fritz, 250–51

Koch, Erich, 229, 238

Koch, Karl, 106–7

Koehl, Robert Lewis, 29, 45

Kolb, Gustav, 175

Koppe, Wilhelm, 231

Korherr, Dr. Richard, 363

Kossovar Albanians, 303

Kostenko, Emil, 354

Kramer, Josef, 371n, 393

Krappe, Kurt, 290

Kriegbaum, Anton, 293

Kristallnacht
(Night of the Broken Glass, November 1938), 107, 166

Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 328

Krüger, Friedrich-Wilhelm, 231–32, 338

Ksiazki massacre (September 1939), 258

Kubis, Jan, 148–49

Kühlich, SS-Lieutenant, 281, 282

Kulmhof extermination camp, 325–27, 363

Kurpanik, Karl, 381

Kursell, Otto von, 238

Kuttner, SS-Sergeant, 359

Lammers, Hans, 176

Landsberg prison fortress, 19, 21–22, 23, 24

Lange, Herbert, 227, 326

Lange, Oskar, 277

Lange, Dr. Rudolf, 328, 331

Le Paradis massacre (May 1940), 249–51

leadership, principle of, 54, 65, 66–67

Lechfeld SA camp, 157, 257