Atlantic (54 page)

commercial air transport and, 329–45

consequences of, in Scotland, 389–92

humankind’s disrespectful attitudes toward Atlantic Ocean and, 330–34

humankind’s evolving attitudes and, 392–93

oil spills, 403–4

overfishing, 358–78 (
see also
Overfishing)

radioactive pollution, 355–57

De la Cosa, Juan, 92–93

de León, Ponce, 115–16

Delius, Frederick, 195

de Magalhães, Fernão, 112–14

Demersal fish, 281

Denmark, 29–33, 419

Density, ocean, 132–33, 306

Depot of Charts and Instruments, 130

Depth charges, 264

Diaz, Bartholomew, 112

Dickens, Charles, 299, 305n

Dimethyl sulfide, 428–29

Discovery.
See
Explorations; Scientific investigations

Discovery
(ship), 126n

Doldrums, 121

Dolphin Rise, 131

Dönitz, Karl, 264–65

Donne, John, 169

Dorada
(ship), 389

Dories (boats), 365–67

Dorset culture, 83, 85

Double (term), 110

Drake Passage, 411

Dreadnoughts (ships), 253

Dredges and sledges, 136–37

Dried fish, 282–83

Dugouts, 62, 91

Duke of York slave brand, 234

Dumas, Alexandre, 281

Dummer, Edmund, 291

Dunedin Star
shipwreck, 450–59

Dürer, Albrecht, 164

Dye, purple, 51–53, 66–68

Eannes, Gil, 109–14

Earth, 33–37.
See also
Continents; Plate tectonics

Earthquakes, 40–42, 432–34.
See also
Seismic activity

Eastbound air travel tracks, 342

East German factory fishing ships, 383–84

East Sea, 143n

Ecology (term), 135

Edison, Thomas, 312–14

Edward VII, King, 314

Egypt, 84n, 90

Elgar, Edward, 194–95

Elizabeth, Queen, 3
f
, 12

Ellis Island, 179

Emiliana huxleyi
algae, 428–29

Emma Maersk
(ship), 351

Empress of Britain
(ship), 1–12, 364–65

Endangered species, 359–61, 363.
See also
Overfishing

Endeavor
(ship), 126n

Engines, aircraft, 346–47

England.
See
Great Britain

English Channel, 102, 145, 241–42, 335, 357

Entalik
(ship), 396–98

Environmental movement, 354, 359–61, 384

Envisat satellite, 348–49

Epics, 158–59

Eriksson, Leif, 76–85, 89–90

Essaouira, Morocco, 43–44, 67–68, 239

Essays, 158–59

Etendeka Traps, 47

Ethiopian Ocean name, 96

Europe

air transport to and from, 330–32

art of, 163–67

literature of, 167–70

migration to New World from, 316–21

music of, 192–96

Europe (
cont.
)

New World explorations from (
see
Explorations)

Viking raids on, 212–15

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), 372n

Exeter Book, 154–58

Explorations, 51–97.
See also
Ships

Arab, 70

Christopher Columbus and Spanish discovery of New World, 85–90

first cultures and first boats and, 60–62

first mapping and naming of New World and Atlantic Ocean, 91–97

human settlement on African Atlantic shores, 23–24, 54–60

hypothetical, by pre-Columbian Native Americans, 90–91

Irish, 71–75

Minoan, 62–63

Phoenician, 51–53

Phoenician trade in purple murex dye, 62–69

Roman, 69–70

scientific (
see
Scientific investigations)

Viking and Norsemen, 70–71

Viking discovery of, and settlement in New World, 75–85

Extinctions, 40, 44.
See also
Endangered species

Extroversion, 443

Eyjafjoll volcano, 46, 343, 437

Eyring, Dr. Veronika, 348–49

Factory fishing ships, 368–71, 383–84

Faerie Queen, The
(epic), 168

Fairtry
(ship), 370

Falkland Islands, 379–81, 411

Falklands War, 207–11, 266–68, 383n

Falmouth, England, 291–92, 311–14

Faroe Islands, 29–33, 36, 73–75

Fastnet Rock, 5, 6
f

Female pirates, 225–26

Fermor, Patrick Leigh, 436

Fernández, Alejo, 164–65

Field, Cyrus W., 131–32, 303–10

First World War, 251–56

Fischer, Josef, 78n

Fisher, Jack, 252–55, 262

Fisheries.
See also
Fishing; Overfishing

certification of, as sustainable, 362

collapse of Grand Banks, 364–78

management of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, 378–89

overfishing of, 358–63

Fishing.
See also
Fisheries; Overfishing

Atlantic cod and, 280–83

fish farms, 391

Hanseatic League and, 277–80

pirates of, in South Atlantic, 386–89

Fitzroy, Robert, 125

Flags, 223, 244–46, 268

Flemish Cap, 1, 9–11, 17, 283–90, 365, 371–72

Floating structures, 415

Flooding, rising sea levels and, 411–18

Florida, 116, 422

Flow cytometers, 430

Flying Dutchman
(music), 194

Folin, Marquis Léopold de, 141

Food, human, 55–56, 276.
See also
Fishing; Seafood

Forfarshire
(ship), 327

Forts, slave.
See
Slave castles

Fossil fuels, 406

France, 167, 196, 214–15, 242–46, 283–84

Franklin, Benjamin, 117
f
, 118–20, 123–24, 292

Franklin stove, 118n

Freight railway, 295n

French, Daniel Chester, 179–80

Friends of the Earth, 347

Frobisher, Martin, 134

Fuel

aviation, 346–48

cargo ship, 353

fossil, and global warming, 406

oil as, 252n

Fuerteventura Island, 106

Fur-sealing, 126–27

Gaia theory, 432

Galloi ships, 64–65

Gander, Newfoundland, 12–13, 342–43

Gander Oceanic Control Center, 343

Gases, greenhouse.
See
Greenhouse gases

General Belgrano
(ship), 267–68

Genoese traders, 70

Geographica
(book), 72

Geography, 120

Geological record, 37–38

George, David Lloyd, 269–71

Germany

factory fishing ships of East, 383–84

Hanseatic League of, 277–80

Vinland map and Nazi, 78n

World War I and, 253–56

World War II and, 257–66, 268–70

Ghana, 227–30, 232–34

Gibraltar, 173–74

Gilbert, W. S., 194

Gill nets, 368

Glaciers, 57–58, 405, 410

Global warming

air transport and, 346–48

Rachel Carson’s writing about, 354–55

changing ice patterns from, 395–402

commercial cargo shipping and, 348–50, 352–53

human impacts on, 402–7

hurricanes and changing weather patterns from, 417–27

photosynthetic bacteria and, 427–32

previous periods of, 412

rising sea levels and consequences of, 407–18

scandal about science of, 408n

Glorious First of June battle, 242–46, 251

Goethe, Johann von, 194

Gore, Al, 410n

Gough Island, 438–40

Governors Island, 179

Graf Spee
(ship), 257–60

Grand Banks, 283–90, 364–78, 434

Grand Manan, New Brunswick, 43

Great Britain

art of, 167

Bermuda as colony of, 152

circumnavigation of, 69

Falklands War and, 207–11, 266–68, 383n

literature of, 24–27, 149–52, 154–58, 168–69, 200–201

management of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands fishery of, 378–89

motivations of, for Atlantic Ocean exploration, 123–24

naval warfare of, and Trafalgar Battle, 240–46

passenger liners of, 186

pirate warfare and, 226–29

radioactive waste of, 356–57

Roman invasion of, 211–12

slave trade and, 221–22, 230–39

transatlantic cable and, 305–10

War of 1812 of, 246–47

whaling by, 286–87, 383

World War I and, 251–56

World War II and, 257–66, 268–71

Great Drowning of Men, flood of 1362, 413

Great Outer Sea name, 35

Great Storm of 1703, 413

Great War (World War I), 251–56

Great West Sea name, 20, 49, 96

Green fuels, 347

Greenhouse gases, 346–48, 406, 432

Greenland, 45n, 395–402, 405, 410

Greenland Saga
, 158–59

Greenpeace, 347, 362–63

Gruinard Island, 390

Guinea Current, 109

Gulf of Guinea, 145

Gulf of Mexico, 145–47, 403

Gulf Stream
(painting), 198

Gulf Stream

Agulhas Leakage and, 439

Prince Albert’s map of, 141–42

collision of Labrador Current and, 9, 283

discovery and mapping of, 114–20

Benjamin Franklin’s map of, 117
f
, 292n

hurricanes and, 425

hypothetical Native American voyage to Ireland on, 91

investigation of, 123

Gunnery, naval, 240–41, 251–52

Gyres, Atlantic Ocean, 49, 142, 438–39

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 265n, 292

Hamilton, Bermuda, 150–52

Hand-lining, 368

Hanseatic League, 277–80

Harmattan winds, 111, 121

Harold, King, 214–15

Harpooning, 286

Hawker, Harry, 337

Heathrow Airport, 12, 14, 329, 340

Henry the Navigator, 111–12

Herodotus, 67n, 96

Heroism, 327, 449–56

Himilco the Carthaginian, 69

Hippoi boats, 67

Hirondelle
(ship), 141

Hispaniola, 87n, 175–77, 217–18

Histories, The
(book), 96

HMS Pinafore
(opera), 194

Holland.
See
Netherlands

Homer, 35

Homer, Winslow, 24, 197–99

Homeward Bound
(painting), 198

Honduras, 88

Hooke, Robert, 121–22

Horsford, Eben, 80

Howe
(ship), 247

Howe, Richard, 242–43

Hughes, Richard, 205

Humankind

disrespect of Atlantic Ocean by, 330–34, 345, 353, 389–92, 403–4 (
see also
Degradations)

evolution of attitudes of, toward Atlantic Ocean, 13–15, 18–21

first cultures and first boats of, 60–62 (
see also
Explorations)

human genome and genetic record of, 61

limited knowledge of, about Atlantic Ocean, 427–28

management of Atlantic Ocean by, 378–89, 392–93

relationship of, to Atlantic Ocean, 447–49

settlements of, on African Atlantic shores, 23–24, 54–60

seven stages of life of, and this book about Atlantic Ocean and, 25–27

Humpback whales, 383

HURDAT project, 426

Hurd Deep, 357

Hurricanes, 151–52, 403–4, 417–27

Huxley, T. H., 135

Hydrography, 99–104, 120

Iapetus Ocean, 39, 42

Icebergs, 409–10

Iceland, 46, 158–59, 273–75, 343, 410, 437

Icesheets and ice caps, 395–402, 405–6, 408–12

Iguazu Falls, 47

Ilhéu das Rôlas, 145

Immigrant (term), 317n

Immigration, 13, 177, 316–21

Impressionism, 196

Incas, 162

Indian Ocean, 34, 107, 146, 409, 423n, 433–34, 439–40

Indies, 86–87, 216–17

Ingstad, Helge, 80–82

In Hazard
(book), 205

Inishtrahull Island, 7–8

Institute for Atmospheric Physics, 348n

Institutions, oceanographic, 140–45

Insurance, 235, 322, 436

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 404–5

Intermodal shipping, 350–52.
See also
Cargo shipping

International Atomic Energy Agency, 356

International Hydrographic Organization, 100–104, 142–43, 409

International laws.
See
Laws

International trade.
See
Trade

Introversion, 443

Ireland, 71–73, 90–91, 153–54, 337–38

Ireland’s teardrop, 5, 6
f

Irish Sea, 7, 357

Iron battleships, 252–55

Ironclad ships, 247–51

Iron curtain speech, 278n

Isla de Los Estados, 128, 444–47

Islam, 215–16

Islands

formation of, 46–47

phantom, 134

Islas Malvinas, 210.
See also
Falkland Islands

Israel, 268–71

Italy, 167, 194.
See also
Romans

Ittoqqortoormiit fjord, 398–402

James Monroe
(ship), 296–97

Jamestown, St. Helena, 175
f
, 187–92

Jamestown, Virginia, 151–52

Jan Mayen Island, 46, 47n, 286

Japan, 143n, 363, 383–84, 389

Japan Airlines, 347

Jericho, 61

Jet-A kerosene fuel, 346

Jet stream, 341

John F. Kennedy Airport, 14, 340–41

Johnson, Amy, 338

Jolly Roger, 223, 268

Jörmundgandr serpent, 160

J. Sheekey restaurant, 359–61

Jura Island, 160

Jurassic period, 44–45

Jutland, Battle of, 251–55

Katrina Hurricane, 403–4, 419–22, 425

Kendall, Edward Augustus, 317n

Kennedy Airport, 14, 340–41

Kerosene fuel, 346

Kidd, Captain, 225–26

Kimber, John, 231
f

Kingsley, Charles, 134n

Kipling, Rudyard, 8, 365–68

Knarrer ships, 71, 85, 160

Knox-Johnston, Robin, 203, 205

Koraseb, Matthias, 451, 457–58

Korea, 143n, 383–84