Atlantic (55 page)

Krill, 384

Kunene River, 146

Labrador Current, 9, 283

Labrador Sea, 410

Lake Agassiz, 412, 435

Lamentation for Christ
(painting), 164

La mer
(music), 195–96

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 140

Landmasses, 36–37.
See also
Continents; Plate tectonics

Langsdorff, Captain, 258–60

L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 80–84

Laws

accidents and maritime, 325

first parliamentary democracy in Iceland, 273–75

pollution and international, 358

Titanic
disaster and maritime, 321

United Nations Law of the Sea, 372n

Lazarus, Emma, 177

Leaves of Grass
(book), 195

Leif Eriksson Day, 89

Leofric, 154

le Roy, Alphonsus, 118–19

Les Îles Purpuraires, 67

Lewis, Cudjoe, 238

Liberia, 239, 418–19

Lifeboats, 321

Lighthouse at the End of the World
(book), 128, 445

Lighthouses, 5–6, 8, 128, 191n, 441, 444–47

“Limits of Oceans and Seas” publication, 102, 142–43, 409n

Lincoln, Abraham, 239, 303

Lindbergh, Charles, 338

Line-of-battle tactic, 241–42

Lines and liners, shipping, 299–300

Lippmann, Walter, 19–20

Literature, 199–206.
See also
Poetry

Liverpool, England, 1–3, 175
f

Lloyd’s of London, 322–23

Lofoten Islands, 160–61, 280–81, 369
f

Loire River, 146

London, England, 415–16

London Convention of 1972, 358

Longboats, Viking, 70–71, 213–14

Long-lining, 363, 386

Loop Current, 425

Lorrain, Claude, 167

Lothbrok, Ragnar, 213–14

Louisiana, 419–22

Lovelock, James, 432

Lufthansa, 277n

Lusitania
(ship), 262–63

Macintyre, Angus Campbell, 451, 457–58

Maelstrom, Lofoten islands, 160–61

Magazines, 293

Magellan, Ferdinand, 112–14

Magellanic penguins, 418, 445

Magnus, Olaus, 161

Mail, transatlantic, 291–93

Malay Peninsula, 447

Maldive Islands, 412

Mandela, Nelson, 182

Manhattan Island, 166n, 179–80

Maps

Carta Marina
, 161

first, of New World of America and Atlantic Ocean, 48, 91–97

of Gulf Stream, 117
f

Gulf Stream, 141–42

International Hydrographic Organization, 100–104, 142–43

Marsden squares on, 322

M. F. Maury’s, 129–33

phantom islands on, 134

Ptolemy’s, 72

of Viking settlements in Newfoundland, 76–80

Marconi, Guglielmo, 311–14

Marean, Curtis, 57–60

Mare Atlanticus
name, 49

Mare Glaciale
name, 72, 79, 96

Marias River, 147

Marine Stewardship Council, 362–63

Maritime cartography.
See
Cartography; Maps

Maritime meteorology, 121.
See also
Weather patterns

Maritime trade.
See
Trade

Markham, Beryl, 338

Marsden, William, 322

Marsden squares, 322

Marsh, John, 452

Marshall, Benjamin, 293–99

Marshall, Thomas, 235–36

Martinique, 436

Martyr, Peter, 115

Mary Celeste
(ship), 327

Masefield, John, 64–65

Mass extinctions, 40, 44.
See also
Endangered species

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 126–33, 304–5

Mayans, 162–63

McKay, Donald, 314–15

McLean, Malcom, 350–52

Mediterranean Sea, 62–69, 100–101, 217–18

Meinig, D. W., 19

Mellon, Paul, 76

Melville, Herman, 195, 288–89

Mendelssohn, Felix, 194

Mercator, 96–97

Mercury pollution, 357–58

Merrimack
(ship), 248

Meteorology, maritime, 121.
See also
Weather patterns

Mexico City, 219

Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 46, 48, 131, 140n, 143, 304–5, 433, 442

Middle Passage, 199–200, 221, 227–39

Midgard Serpent, 160

Migrants, 13, 177, 316–21

Military navies.
See
Naval warfare

Milton, John, 169–70

Minoans, 62–63, 66

Miquelon Island, 372–73

Mississippi River, 146–47

Missouri River, 146–48

Moby-Dick
(book), 288

Moctezuma, 219–20

Moitessier, Bernard, 205–6

Monaco, 99–104

Monet, Claude, 196

Monitor
(ship), 249–50

Monroe, James, 239n, 419n

Monrovia, Liberia, 239n, 419n

Monsters, 160–61

Mont Blanc
(ship), 265n

Monterey Bay Aquarium, 361–62

Montevideo, Uruguay, 257–60

Mont Pelée, 436

Montserrat, 436–37

Mooney, Chris, 423

Moors, 215–16

Morgan, Edward, 225

Morocco, 43–44, 51–53, 100–101, 105–6, 108n

Morse, Samuel, 304

Mount Everest, 333–34, 412

Mundus Novus
(book), 93–95

Murex snails, 51–53, 66–68

Muscovy Company, 286–87

Music, 192–96, 445

Mykines Island, 30–33, 36, 73

Naglfar vessel, 160

Namibia, 451–52

Naos (ships), 112

Napalm, 326

Napoléon, 123, 187, 190–91, 243, 253

Nares, George, 136

National Audubon Society, 361

National Environmental Trust (NET), 361–62

National Maritime Day, 300–301

National Oceanography Centre, 140

National Weather Service, 420–21, 425

Native Americans, 90–91, 162–63

Natural Resources Defense Council, 361

Nature of the Siren, The
(poem), 158

Naval warfare, 207–71.
See also
Ships

American Civil War and ironclad ships, 247–50

British antisubmarine, and founding of Israel, 268–71

Falklands War, 207–11, 266–68

Graf Spee
battle and World War II, 257–60

New World, 215–23

Norman invasion of England, 214–15

piracy and, 221–30

Roman, 211–12

slave trade and, 227–39

steel ships and World War I Battle of Jutland, 250–57

submarines and World War II, 261–66

tactics of, and Trafalgar battle, 240–46

Viking, 212–15

War of 1812, 246–47

Navies.
See
Naval warfare

Navigation, celestial, 110

Navigation charts, 101–4

Navigatio Sancti Brendanis Abbatis
(book), 72–73

Nazi Germany.
See
Germany

Necho II (pharoah), 67n

Nelson, Horatio, 243–45

Neolithic period, 61

Nepal, 412

Netherlands, 164, 166–67, 241–42, 413–15

New Brunswick, 43

Newfoundland

air traffic control center in, 342–43

John Cabot landing in, 92

collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery of, 363–78

commercial fishing near, 283–90

earthquake in, 434

Viking settlement in, 75–84

Virgin Rocks of, 8–9

wireless communication from, 311–14

New Orleans, Louisiana, 419

Newspapers, 180, 293

Newton, Isaac, 121

Newton, John, 231, 233

New World

discovery of, by Christopher Columbus, 85–90

first mapping and naming of, as America, 91–97

Spanish conquest and warfare in, 215–23

Viking settlement in, by Leif Eriksson, 75–85

warfare against pirates in, 221–29

New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, 305–10

New York City, 166n, 175
f
, 177–81, 291–92, 416–17

Niagara
(ship), 132, 306–8

Nicolson, Harold, 259

Nicotine, 84n, 90

Niger River, 146

Nightingale Island, 437–38

1984
(book), 160n

Norman invasion of England, 214–15

Norsemen, 70–71, 158–61.
See also
Norway; Vikings

North America, 96

North Atlantic Drift, 123, 142

North Atlantic Ocean.
See also
Atlantic Ocean

air traffic control centers, 338, 342–43

collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery of, 364–78

commercial fishing in, 280–90

delineation of, 143–45

explorations of, 70–73

global warming and changing ice patterns in, 395–402, 409–10

literature about, 149–61

North Brazil Current, 439

Northcliffe, Lord, 335–37

Northeast Passage, 401

North Equatorial Current, 108–9, 115

North Sea, 145, 253–55, 413–14

Northumberland
(ship), 191n, 387–88

Norway, 47n, 369
f
, 383.
See also
Norsemen; Vikings

Nowell Codex, 155

Nuclear waste, 355–57

Obama, Barack, 228, 229
f

Ocean boundaries, 100–104

Oceanography.
See also
Scientific investigations

early development of, 120–23

institutions of, 140–45

M. F. Maury and American, 126–33

Oceanology, 120

Ocean Passages for the World
(book), 5–6

Ocean Sea name, 96

Oceanus Occidentalis
name, 72, 96

O’Connor, Frank, 154

O’Higgins, Bernardo, 174

Oil fuel, 252n

Oil spills, 145, 323–26
f
, 358, 403

Okeanos Aethiopikos
name, 96n

Old English poetry, 158

Old Hag whirlpool, 160

Old Ironsides
(ship), 246–47

Olsen, Rob, 430

Omai (Tahitian boy), 125n

Oman, 62

Omeros
(poem), 34

Operas, 194

Oppenheimer, Robert, 265n

Orange River, 146

Ordovician period, 39

Orkney Islands, 204–5, 253–56

Ortelius, 134

Orwell, George, 160n

Otello
(opera), 194

Ottoman Turks, 215–16

Outhwaite, Leonard, 20–21

“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (poem), 195

Ovando, Nicolas de, 218

Overfishing, 358–78.
See also
Fisheries; Fishing

collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery, 364–78

consequences of, 389–92

environmental movement and, 358–63

management of South Atlantic fishery to prevent, 378–89

Överhogdal tapestry, 160

Owen, David, 25

Oxygen, cyanobacteria and, 429–32

Ozone depletion, 346, 438–40

Pacific Ocean, 34, 107, 146, 333, 356n, 408–9, 423n, 433

Packet ships, 290–301

Pack ice, 395–98, 410

Paintings, 196–99

Paleogeography, 442

Paleotempestologists, 423n

Palsson, Bjorn, 398n

Pan-Atlantic Steamships company, 352

Pangaea, 40–42, 442

Pangaea Ultima, 442–43

Panthalassa Sea, 40–42

Paradise Lost
(book), 169–70

Parker, Isaac, 235–36

Parliamentary democracy, first, 273–75

Passenger transport

accidents and casualties of, 322–27

by air transport (
see
Air transport)

development of, 314–21

by passenger liners, 11–12, 186, 296–301

submarines and passenger ships, 261–62

Patagonia, 125–26, 444

Patagonian toothfish (Chilean sea bass), 362–63, 378, 384–86, 389

Pelagic fish, 281

Penguins, 384, 418, 445

Penis, sperm whale, 289

Permian period, 40

Pessoa, Fernando, 107

Peter Grimes
(music), 195

Pettersson, Otto, 355

Pew Trusts, 362n

Phantom islands, 134

Pharmacological pollution, 358

Phoenicians, 51–53, 62–69, 172, 174

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria, 429–32

Physical Geography of the Sea and Its Meteorology, The
(book), 129
f

Pieces of eight, 87n

Pierce, Franklin, 305

Pillars of Hercules, 35, 53, 63–64, 68

Pinnacle Point, 56–60

Pipier Alpha North Sea oil drilling platform, 403

Pirates

warfare against fishing, in South Atlantic, 386–89

warfare against New World, 221–29

Pirates of Penzance, The
(opera), 194

Plate tectonics, 40–49, 140n, 441–49.
See also
Seismic activity

Plays, 24–27, 149–52, 168–69

Poetry, 24–27, 65n, 149–59, 167–70, 205

Polders and Polder Model, 413–15

Pollution, 345–58

Rachel Carson’s writing about, 353–58

chemical, 357–58, 390

from commercial air transport, 345–48

from commercial cargo shipping, 350–53

radioactive, 355–57

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 358

Pompeii, 173n

Pond, Atlantic Ocean as the, 15, 332

Póo, Fernando, 112

Portsmouth Point
(music), 195

Portugal, 92, 93n, 109–14, 237, 373, 434

Postal service.
See
Packet ships

Pound, Ezra, 156–57

Pre-Columbian peoples, 90–91, 162–63

Preservation, fish, 282–83

Prestwick, Scotland, 342–43

Prince of Wales
(ship), 17–18

Princess Alice
(ship), 142

Principality of Monaco, 99–104

Privateers, 225.
See also
Pirates

Prize Warfare, 261–62

Prochlorococcus
cyanobacteria, 429–32

Professor Baranov
(ship), 370

Protocontinents, 37

Ptolemy, 72, 95

Puffins, 30
f
, 32–33

Purple dye, 51–53, 66–68

Pytheas, 69

Quakers, 289–90, 293–95