Atlantic (56 page)

Radar, 250

Radio, 311–14

Radioactive pollution, 256, 355–57

Radiological Dating Laboratory, 82

Raffles Lighthouse, 447

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 168

Ransome, Arthur, 203

Read, Albert Cushing, 337

Read, Mary, 225–26

Red list, Greenpeace, 362–63

Red Sea, 21, 62

Rennell, James, 122–23

Rhine River, 146

Right whales, 285–87

Riley, James, 238–39

Ringmann, Matthias, 93–96

Rivers, 146–48

Roaring Forties, 49, 289, 438–39

Robben Island, 182, 185

Roberts, Bartholomew, 225, 227–30

Rocky Point, 456

Romans, 66, 69–70, 172–74, 211–12

Roosevelt, Franklin, 17–18, 43, 314

Rowing Home
(painting), 198

Royal African Company of England, 227, 233

Royal Mail Ship (RMS) designation, 186

Ruddigore
(opera), 194

Rules of engagement, 261–64

Rumann son of Colmán, 153–54

Rumford fireplace, 118n

Ruskin, John, 196

Russia, 167, 356n, 370, 383–85

Safina, Carl, 204

Saga of Erik the Red
, 158–59

Sagas, 158–59

Sailing Alone Around the World
(book), 201–3

Sailing vessels, 62, 247, 250, 353

St. Brendan, 72–73, 158, 161

St. Columba, 153

St. Elmo’s fire, 151

St. Helena, 123, 175
f, 186–92, 253

St. Helena
(ship), 186–87

St. Lawrence River, 145–46

St. Pierre Island, 372–73

Sakhalin Island, 356n

Salinity, 121, 439–40

Sands, African, 108n

San Salvador, 87

Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, 175–77

Sargasso Sea, 429
f
–30

Satellites, 388

Savannah
(ship), 300–301

Scania, Sweden, 280

Scapa Flow, 253–56

Scarba Island, 160

Schooners, 365–66

SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) device, 349

Scientific investigations, 99–148.
See also
Climate change; Global warming

American vs. British, 123–24

British
Challenger
survey expedition, 135–40

Cape Bojador obstacle and development of celestial navigation and current sailing, 104–14

Charles Darwin and HMS
Beagle
expedition, 124–26

development of oceanography, 120–23 (
see also
Oceanography)

early misconceptions and, 132–35

hydrography and cartography of International Hydrographic Organization, 99–104, 142–45

mapping of Atlantic currents and Gulf Stream, 114–20

M. F. Maury and American cartography and oceanography, 128–33

oceanographic institutions and, 140–45

rivers as Atlantic Ocean sources, 146–48

United States Exploring Expedition, 126–28

Scoresby, William, 398

Scoresbysund fjord, 395–401

Scotese, Christopher, 442, 447

Scotland, 357, 370, 390–92, 435

Scott, C. P., 269

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 140

Sea Around Us, The
(book), 204–5, 354–56

Sea barriers, 414–17, 419

Seabirds, 30
f
, 32–33, 138, 386

Sea boundaries, 100–104

Sea Drift
(music), 195

Seafarer, The
(poem), 155–58

Seafloor spreading, 45–49, 143, 442–43

Seafood, 55–58, 358–63.
See also
Fisheries; Fishing; Overfishing

SeaKLIM, 348n

Sea levels, 58n, 402, 405–18

Sealing, 126–27, 384

Sea Monster, The
(painting), 164

Sea monsters, 160–61

Sea of Japan, 21, 143n

Sea Pictures
(music), 195

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 361

Sea Symphony
(music), 195

Sea temperatures, hurricanes and, 425–26.
See also
Global warming

Sea Venture
(ship), 151–52

SeaWeb, 361

Second World War, 257–66, 449–52

Seine River, 146

Seismic activity, 40–43, 432–38.
See also
Plate tectonics

Seismology, 434n

September 11 terrorist attacks, 343n

Settlements, first human coastal, 23–24, 56–60

Seven Ages
(anthology), 25

Severin, Tim, 72, 75

Severn River, 146

Shakespeare, William, 24–27, 149–52, 168–69

Shannon River, 146

Shanwick Oceanic Control Centre, 342–43

Sheep, 30
f
, 73–74

Sheffield
(ship), 207–11, 267

Shetland Islands, 204–5

Shipping.
See
Cargo shipping

Shipping newspapers, 180

Ships

art depicting, 165–66

battleships, 242

Christopher Columbus’s, 86

container, 350–52

first boats and sailing, 61–62

increasing size of, 112

Irish, 71–72

ironclad, 247–51

Native American, 91

packet ships and shipping, 290–301 (
see also
Cargo shipping)

passenger liners, 11–12 (
see also
Passenger transport)

Roman, 211

slaving, 228, 232 (
see also
Slave trade)

space shuttle fleet names from, 126n

steam-powered steel battleships, 252–57

Viking and Norsemen, 70–71

Shipwrecks, 150–52, 322–27, 449–56

Sight reduction tables, 112

Silent Spring
(book), 354, 357

Simon Boccanegra
(music), 194

Sir Charles Elliott
shipwreck, 451, 456–57

Skaggerak, 145, 253–54

Skálholt Map, 79–80

Skeleton Coast, 449–59

Skeleton Coast
(book), 452

Skidbladnir vessel, 160

Skull and crossed bones flags, 223

Slave castles, 227–29, 232–34

Slave trade, 87, 199–200, 221, 227–39

Slocum, Joshua, 201–4

Smell of the sea, 429n

Snoek fish, 281n

Snows (ships), 232

Soderini Letter, 93, 95

Somers, Sir George, 151–52

Sonar, 250

Soundings, 112, 136–37

South Africa, 56–60, 181–86, 419

South African snoek, 281n

South Africa Pilot
(book), 56–57

South America, 96, 331, 409, 444–47

South Atlantic Ocean.
See also
Atlantic Ocean

as African Ocean, 96n

commercial whaling in, 287–89

delineation of, 143–44

icebergs in, 410–12

management of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands fishery in, 378–89

Southern Ocean, 409n

Southern Ocean Super-Gyre, 438–39

Southern Whale Fishery, 287–89

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, 378–89, 411

Soviet Union.
See
Russia

Space shuttles, 126n

Spain.
See also
Cádiz, Spain

art of, 164–65

Christopher Columbus and, 85–90

fishing pirates of, 389

naval warfare of, 241–46

New World warfare of, 215–20

Phoenician trade in, 65

returning to, on Gulf Stream, 116–17

trawler fleet of, 372–73

Treaty of Tordesillas of, 93n

Spanish Armada defeat, 241n, 243

Special Publication No. S.23, 102, 142–43, 409n

Spenser, Edmund, 168

Spermaceti, 288–89

Sperm whales, 285n, 287–89

Squid-jiggers (ships), 388

Staten Island, Argentina, 128, 444–47

Statue of Liberty, 177, 179

Statue of Liberty
(ship), 323

Steam locomotives, 295n

Steam-powered ships, 252, 300–301, 315–16, 368–69

Steel battleships, 252–57

Steerage travel, 318–21

Stefansson, Sigurd, 79

Sterling (term), 278

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 191, 225, 321

St.-Exupéry, Antoine de, 106

Stockholm
(ship), 323, 324
f

“Storm, The” (poem), 169

“Storm at Sea” (poem), 153–54

Strait of Gibraltar, 35, 65–66, 101

Strait of Magellan, 444

Strait of Malacca, 447

Submarines, 250, 257–66, 268–70

Sufferings in Africa
(book), 239n

Sugimoto, Hiroshi, 197

Sulfur emissions, 348, 353

Sullivan, Arthur, 194

Sumatran tsunami, 433

Sundry Circumstances Relating to the Gulph Stream
(letter), 118

Surtsey Island, 46, 433

Survey expeditions, 124–40

Sustainable fishing, 362

Sykes, Mark, 271

Symphony at the end of the world, 445

Szczecin, Poland, 278n

Tactics, naval warfare, 240–46

Tangier, Morocco, 100–101

Tapestries, 160

Teach, Edward, 225

Tectonics.
See
Plate tectonics; Seismic activity

Telegraph, transatlantic, 131–32, 302–10

Tempest, The
(play), 150–52

Terrorist attacks, 343n

Textiles, 293–95

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 305n

Thames Barrier, 415–16

Thames River, 146

Tharshish, 66n

The Future Is Wild group, 442

Thermal expansion, 407–8

Thermal vents, 428

Thermohaline circulation, 426

Thompson, Jeremiah, 293–99

Thomson, C. Wyville, 136, 139

Thoreau, Henry David, 305

Thorfinsson, Snorri, 83–84

Tides, 112, 114, 121

Tierra del Fuego, 125–26, 128, 208–11, 444

Times Atlas of the Oceans
(book), 325–26

Tin, 65–66

Titanic
(ship), 254, 263, 321–23

Tobacco, 84n, 90

Tomlinson, Charles, 205

Toothed whales, 285n

Toothfish (Chilean sea bass), 362–63, 378, 384–86, 389

Topography, 121

Torrey Canyon
(ship), 325–26
f

Tor Rocks, 7–8

Toxic wastes, 357–58

Tracks, shipping, 348–49

Trade

Hanseatic League and rules of, 275–80

Phoenician, in Mediterranean Sea area, 62–69

routes, 319
f

Trade winds, 121, 424

Trafalgar Battle, 243–46, 251

Tramp ships, 295–96

Travailleur
(ship), 141

Trawling, 368, 370

Treaty of Paris, 366

Treaty of Tordesillas, 93

Trial of Black Bart’s Men, 227–30

Triana, Rodrigo de, 86–87

Triangular slave trade, 232–39

Triassic period, 40

Triple Divide Peak, 147–48

Triremes (ships), 211

Tristan da Cunha, 112, 183n, 437–38

Tristan und Isolde
(opera), 194

Tropical cyclones, 423.
See also
Hurricanes

Tsunamis, 432–36.
See also
Seismic activity

Tuna, 363

Turbidity currents, 434

Turner, J. M. W., 197–98

Tuvalu Islands, 412n

Typhoon
(book), 205

Typhoons, 423n

U-boats, German, 261–66, 268–70

Uluburun archaeology site, 64–65

Undersea cables.
See
Cables, undersea

Undersea oil exploration, 403–4

Undertow
(painting), 198–99

Union Castle passenger liners, 186

United Nations, 176, 372n

United States

air transport to and from, 330–32

British Post Office service to, 291–93

Civil War of, 247–50

commercial whaling of, 287–90

literature of, 200–203

motivations of, for Atlantic Ocean exploration, 123–24

Naval Observatory, 130

rivers as Atlantic Ocean sources, 147–48

slave trade and, 221, 230–39

steel ships and, 257

transatlantic cable and, 305–10

War of 1812 of, 246–47

United States Exploring Expedition, 126–29

Ur supercontinent, 38

Uruguay, 257–60

van de Velde, Willem, 166

vaz de Torres, Luis, 112

Venezuela, 87–88

Verdi, Giuseppe, 194

Verne, Jules, 128, 445

Vernet, Claude, 167

Vespucci, Amerigo, 93–96

Viarsa
(ship), 389

Victoria, Queen, 309

Victoria Falls, 47

Victory
(ship), 243

Vikings, 70–71, 75–85, 89–90, 212–15, 282.
See also
Norsemen; Norway

Vincennes
(ship), 130

Vinland, 76–84

Violins of Saint-Jacques, The
(book), 436

Virgin Atlantic, 347

Virginia
(ship), 248–50

Virgin of the Navigators, The
(painting), 164–65

Virgin Rocks, 8–9

Viscosity, ocean depth and, 132–33, 306

Visual art, 159–67, 196–99

Volcanoes, 40–43, 46–47, 343, 432–33, 436–38.
See also
Seismic activity

Vroom, Hendrick Cornelisz, 166

Vulcanology, 434n

Wagner, Richard, 194

Walcott, Derek, 34, 164

Waldseemüller, Martin, 48, 93–96

Walton, William, 194–95

Warfare.
See
Naval warfare

Warming, global.
See
Global warming

War of 1812, 246–47

Warrior
(ship), 247

Waste, radioactive, 355–57

Water, 35–36, 145

Watkinson, James, 297

Watling’s Island, 86

Waypoint names, 342n

Weather patterns, 121, 402, 417–27, 439–40

Wegener, Alfred, 48

Weizmann, Chaim, 269–71

West African slave trade, 221, 227–39

Westbound air travel tracks, 341–42

Western Cape, 56–60

Western civilization, Atlantic Ocean and, 19–20, 448–49

Western Ocean name, 96

Whale oil, 286n