Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (70 page)

61. Ibid., 160, 163–167.

62. Leclerc to Bonaparte, June 6, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
161–164; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
173–176; Pluchon,
Toussaint
Louverture,
497–498; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
354.

63. Leclerc to Minister, June 11 and July 6, 1802; Leclerc to Bonaparte, June 11, 1802, all in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
168–173, 182–183.

64. Marie-Rose Masson to Gallifet, 8 Thermidor An 10 (July 27, 1802), 107 AP

128, AN; Debien, “Sur les plantations,” 306, 311.

65. Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
304–305.

1 3 . t h o s e w h o d i e

1. Jan Pachonski and Reuel K. Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of
Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence, 1802–1803
(Boulder, 1986), 54–55.

2. Michel Etienne Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste, et ses observations
(Paris, 1809), 3:377–378; Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
57, 84, 170.

3. Leclerc to Minister, June 6, 11, and 24, 1802; Leclerc to Bonaparte, June 6, 1802, all in Paul Roussier, ed.,
Lettres du Général Leclerc
(Paris, 1937), 154–157, 161–167, 176–177; Pamphile de Lacroix,
La Révolution de Haiti
(1819; reprint, Paris, 1995), 351.

4. Leclerc to Minister, June 6, July 6 and 12, August 25, 1802; Leclerc to

Bonaparte, June 11, 1802, all in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
155–157, 171–173, 182–183, 192–193, 216–218.

5. Leclerc to Bonaparte, June 6 and September 16, 1802; Leclerc to Minister,

August 25, 1802, ibid., 161–165, 216–218, 228–237; Claude Bonaparte Auguste

and Marcel Bonaparte Auguste,
L’Expédition Leclerc, 1801–1803
(Port-au-Prince, 1985), 206–208.

6. Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste,
3:381; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
186–188.

7. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
189–192; Michel Rolph Trouillot,
Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History
(Boston, 1995), 41–42; Leclerc to Minister, July 23, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
196.

8. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
196.

9. “Loi rélative à la traite des noirs et au régime des colonies,” 30 Floréal An X

(May 20, 1802), ADVII 21A, no. 54, AN.

344

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 7 6 – 2 8 4

10. “Arrêté portant défense aux noirs, mulâtres ou autres gens de couleur, à

entrer sur le territoire continental de la République,” 13 Messidor An X (July 2, 1802), ADVII 21A, no. 55, AN.

11. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
172, 179.

12. “Loi rélative à la traite des noirs et au régime des colonies,” 30 Floréal An X

(May 20, 1802), AN ADVII 21A, no. 54, AN; Denis Decrès, “Rapport,” Section

Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Province, C7A 55, 248–252, AN.

13. On the events in Guadeloupe in 1802 see Laurent Dubois, “The Prom-

ise of Revolution: Saint-Domingue and the Struggle for Autonomy in

Guadeloupe, 1797–1802,” in
The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World,
ed. David Geggus (Columbia, S.C., 2001), 122–134; and the essays and documents in Jacques Adélaïde-Mérlande, René Bélénus, and Frédéric

Régent,
La Rébellion de la Guadeloupe, 1801–1802
(Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 2002).

14. Leclerc to Minister, August 6, 9, and 25, 1802; Leclerc to Bonaparte, Au-

gust 6, 1802, all in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
199–206, 219; Beaubrun Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
11 vols. (1853–1865; reprint, Port-au-Prince, 1958), 5:67.

15. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
5:67.

16. Leclerc to Bonaparte, August 6, 1802; Leclerc to Minister, August 9, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
201–206.

17. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
220–223, 233–234; Carolyn Fick,
The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below
(Knoxville, 1990), 216–227; Leclerc to Minister, August 25, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général
Leclerc,
216–218; Trouillot,
Silencing the Past,
42.

18. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
211–220; Leclerc to Bonaparte, September 16, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
228–237; Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
90.

19. Leclerc to Bonaparte, October 7, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général
Leclerc,
253–259.

20. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
237.

21. Ibid., 238–245; Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
96–98; Fick,
Making of Haiti,
227–228.

22. Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
99.

23. Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
247–249, 314.

24. Leclerc to Minister, September 17, 1802; Leclerc to Bonaparte, October 7, 1802, in Roussier,
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
237–239, 253–260; Fick,
Making of
Haiti,
222; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
227.

25. Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
113–114, 337; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
272; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
5:84–

86; Joan Dayan,
Haiti, History, and the Gods
(Berkeley, 1996), 155.

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 8 5 – 2 9 3

345

26. Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
113, 157–158; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
171–172.

27. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
5:83–84.

28. Trouillot,
Silencing the Past,
43–44, 65; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition
Leclerc,
276, Fick,
Making of Haiti,
231–233; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
5:80–81. On the conflict between “Congos” and “creoles” see more generally Gérard Barthélemy,
Créoles-Bossales: Conflit en Haïti
(Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, 2000).

29. Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
103, 130–131, 192, 335.

30. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
110; Pierre Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture
(Paris, 1989), 489; Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
183.

31. Pachonski and Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy,
179.

32. Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste,
3:384; the song was sung to my by Erol Josué.

33. “Autopsie cadaverique,” 18 Germinal An 11 (April 8, 1803), in
Pour que la
Mémoire: Toussaint Louverture, Precurseur de l’indépendance d’Haïti
(Port-au-Prince, 2001), 21.

34. “Extrait des minutes du greffe de Saint-Marc,” 22 Prairial An 11 (June 11, 1803), Papiers Descheaux, Fouchard Library, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Dayan,
Haiti,
History, and the Gods,
160.

35. Dayan,
Haiti, History, and the Gods,
39–40; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
5:98; Auguste and Auguste,
Expédition Leclerc,
316.

36. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
6:8.

37. Ibid., 7; David Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies
(Bloomington, 2002), 208.

38. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
6:7.

39. Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies,
208, 215–217.

40. Ibid., 214; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
6:17.

41. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
5:74–75, 6:8–9; Gérard M. Laurent,
Six Etudes sur J. J
.
Dessalines
(Port-au-Prince, 1950), 93–114.

42. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
6:15–17, 33–34.

43. Ibid., 16–17.

e p i l o g u e

1. Michel Etienne Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste, et ses observations,
3

vols. (Paris, 1809), 3:209–210.

2. Claude Bonaparte Auguste and Marcel Bonaparte Auguste,
L’Expédition

Leclerc, 1801–1803
(Port-au-Prince, 1985), 316.

3. Mimi Sheller,
Democracy after Slavery: Black Publics and Peasant Radical-346

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 9 3 – 3 0 3

ism in Haiti and Jamaica
(Gainesville, 2000), part 2; Michel Rolph Trouillot,
State
against Nation: Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism
(New York, 1990), part 1; David Nicholls,
From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Color, and National Independence in Haiti
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1979).

4. Beaubrun Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
11 vols. (1853–1865; reprint, Port-au-Prince, 1958), 6:17.

5. Paul Lachance, “Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution in Louisiana,” in

The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World,
ed. David Geggus (Columbia, 2001), 209–230, 223; Hans Schmidt,
The United States Occupation of
Haiti, 1915–1934,
2d ed. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1995).

6. Lachance, “Repercussions in Louisiana,” 209–211; Christopher Schmidt-

Nowara,
Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1833–1874
(Pitts-burgh, 1999), 4, 41.

7. David Geggus, “Preface,” in Geggus,
Impact of the Haitian Revolution,
x; James Sidbury,
Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810
(Cambridge, 1998), 39–48; Douglas Egerton,
Gabriel’s
Rebellion
(Chapel Hill, 1993); Julius Scott, “The Common Wind: Currents of Afro-American Communication in the Era of the Haitian Revolution” (Ph.D. diss.,

Duke University, 1986);
The Lesson of Santo Domingo: How to Make the War

Short and the Peace Righteous
(Boston, 1861).

8. Geggus, “Preface,” x, xii; Matt Childs, “‘A Black French General Arrived to Conquer the Island’: Images of the Haitian Revolution in Cuba’s 1812 Aponte Rebellion,” in Geggus,
Impact of the Haitian Revolution,
135–156, 137, 144.

9. David Brion Davis, “Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions”; Sey-

mour Drescher, “The Limits of Example”; and Robin Blackburn, “The Force of

Example,” in Geggus,
Impact of the Haitian Revolution,
3–20; Susan Buck-Morss,

“Hegel and Haiti,”
Critical Inquiry
26 (summer 2000): 821–865.

n o t e s t o p a g e s 3 0 3 – 3 0 6

347

i n d e x

Abolitionism: and evocations of slave re-

Alaou, 167–168, 198

volt, 58–59; and French Revolution,

American Revolution, 33, 35, 65–66, 73,

72–76; blamed for slave unrest, 79–80,

89, 115, 119

85, 86–87, 88; and free people of

Aponte, José Antonio, 305

color, 81; response to 1791 uprising,

Aquin, 12, 61

129–130; and Haiti, 305

Arada, 40, 43, 171, 184

Abolition of slavery: demanded by insur-

Arcahaye, 167, 218

gents, 141; in Saint-Domingue, 157–

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 245

166; by National Convention, 168–

Armand, 138–140, 148, 161

170, 179, 192, 242, 243, 265, 285; in-

Arming of slaves: by whites and free peo-

surgents as authors of, 192

ple of color, 122, 135–138, 148–149;

Abortion, 47, 58

by Spanish, 152–153; by French, 154,

Absentee ownership, 20, 37

157–158, 160; by British, 215–216

Acul, 30, 94, 109, 179, 199

Artibonite region, 26, 36, 134, 136, 178,

Adams, John, 224, 235

187, 189, 228, 234, 271, 272, 278, 289

Addington, Henry, 252, 256

Artisans, 46

Africa: and slave trade, 39–40; return to,

Auba, Etienne, 65, 66

41, 295–296

Austria, 152

Africans, 13, 184; influence on Revolu-

tion, 5, 108–109; burial of, 12; nations

Balloons, 91

of, 40–41, 171–172; culture of, 42–43,

Bambara, 41

101–102; political ideologies of, 108–

Bambara, Gilles, 236, 287

109; military tactics of, 109, 216, 277,

Baptiste, Pierre, 172

287, 295; as leaders, 158, 159, 160,

Barbados, 16

162, 167–168, 195, 198, 200, 201, 204,

Barnave, Antoine, 84, 85

205, 232, 236, 262, 265, 266–267, 274,

Bauvais, Louis-Jacques, 137–138, 196–

276–277, 282, 283, 287; and citizen-

199, 235–236

ship, 213–214, 249; serving with Brit-

Belair, Charles, 141, 287

ish, 215–216; and war of indepen-

Belize, 121

dence, 294, 295.
See also
Alaou;

Belley, Jean-Baptiste, 157, 222; as repre-