Bang!: A History of Britain in the 1980s (97 page)

4
 Christopher Johnson,
The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–90
(1991), p. 18 – at current price terms; the figures at
1985 constant prices painted only a slightly rosier picture of a fall from 27.1 per cent to 24.4 per cent from 1979 to 1989.

5
 Christopher Langdon and David Manners,
Digerati Glitterati: High-Tech Heroes
(2001), p. 70.

6
 Sidney Pollard,
The Wasting of the British Economy
(1982), pp. 2–3.

7
 Sir Geoffrey Howe, budget speech, 12 June 1979, HC Deb. 5s., vol. 968, col. 237.

8
 
Daily Telegraph
, 2 June 1979; quoted in Mark Garnett,
From Anger to Apathy:The Story of Politics, Society and Popular
Culture in Britain since 1975
, (2007), p. 1.

9
 Nicholas Henderson,
Mandarin: The Diaries of an Ambassador, 1969–1982
(1994), p. 406 (diary entry 4 July 1981).

10
 Beatrix Campbell,
Wigan Pier Revisited: Poverty and Politics in the 80s
(1984), p. 169.

11
 Matthew Parris in
The Times
, 23 January 1984.

12
 Campbell,
Wigan Pier Revisited
, pp. 9–10.

13
 Campbell,
Wigan Pier Revisited
, p. 14.

14
 Low Pay Unit figures,
The Times
, 12 April 1989.

15
 
Employment Gazette
, cited in Stephen Fothergill and Jill Vincent,
The State of the Nation
(1985), p. 50.

16
 Ian Jack,
Before the Oil Ran Out, Britain 1977–86
(1987), p. 133.

17
 George Orwell,
The Road to Wigan Pier
(1937), chapter five.

18
 Jack,
Before the Oil Ran Out
, pp. 135–8.

19
 Jack,
Before the Oil Ran Out
, p. 131.

20
 Alexis Petridis, ‘Ska for the Madding Crowd’,
Guardian
, 8 March 2002.

21
 Opinion Research and Communications poll for
The Times
and the Committee for Research into Public Attitudes,
The
Times
, 10 September 1980.

22
 This was the finding of ‘Race Relations and the “Sus” Law’, Home Affairs Committee, 1979–80.

23
 Recollection of former PC Peter Bleksley,
The Reunion
, BBC Radio 4, 20 March 2011.

24
 Martin Kettle and Lucy Hodges,
Uprising! The Police, the People and the Riots in Britain’s Cities
(1982), p. 102.

25
 Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, p. 95.

26
 Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, p. 93.

27
 Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, p. 112.

28
 Martin Huckerby,
The Times
, 13 April 1981.

29
 Enoch Powell to the Commons, 13 April 1981, HC Deb. 6s., vol. 3, col. 25.

30
 Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, p. 191.

31
 Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, p. 159.

32
 The journalist was Sasthi Brata,
The Times
, 15 April 1981.

33
 Roy Hattersley to the Commons, 16 July 1981, HC Deb. 6s., vol. 8, col. 1408.

34
 Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, pp. 199–200.

35
 
Police
magazine, May 1981; quoted in Kettle and Hodges,
Uprising!
, p. 185.

36
 Michael Heseltine,
Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography
(2000), p. 221.

37
 Heseltine,
Life in the Jungle
, p. 231.

38
 Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
(1993), p. 145.

39
 
The Times
, 22 October 1981.

40
 Thatcher to the Commons, 5 May 1981
,
HC Deb. 6s., vol. 4, col. 17.

Chapter 5

1
 Ivor Crewe and Anthony King,
SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party
(1995), p. 15.

2
 Crewe and King,
SDP
, pp. 39–41.

3
 Annual Conference Report 1980, pp. 31–2; quoted in Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 49.

4
 
The Times
, 30 September 1980.

5
 Tony Benn,
The End of an Era: Diaries 1980–90
(1992), p. 11 (21 June 1980).

6
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, pp. 33–4 (2 October 1980).

7
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, pp. 35–6 (12 October 1980).

8
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 39 (20 October 1980).

9
 Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 75.

10
 Anatoly Chernyaev diary, 5 December 1974; quoted in
The Spectator
, 7 November 2009.

11
 
Time
, 16 February 1981.

12
 David Kogan and Maurice Kogan,
The Battle for the Labour Party
(1982), pp. 45, 42.

13
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 9 (15 June 1980).

14
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 69 (24 January 1981).

15
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, pp. 70–2 (25 January 1981).

16
 
Sunday Times
, 25 January 1981.

17
 Quoted in Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 102.

18
 Roy Jenkins,
European Diary, 1977–1981
(1989), p. 650.

19
 Quoted in Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 83.

20
 
The Times
, 26 March 1981.

21
 David Marquand,
The Progressive Dilemma from Lloyd George to Blair
, second edition (1999), p. 191.

22
 Quoted in Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 44.

23
 See Crewe and King,
SDP
, pp. 111–113.

24
 Julian Critchley,
A Bag of Boiled Sweets: An Autobiography
(1994), p. 195.

25
 
The Times
, 29 January 1981.

26
 
Daily Telegraph
, 3 March 2010.

27
 Michael Foot obituary,
Daily Telegraph
, 4 March 2010.

28
 Quoted in the
Daily Mail
, 4 March 2010.

29
 Kenneth O. Morgan,
Labour People, Leaders and Lieutenants: Hardie to Kinnock
(1987), p. 287.

30
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 76 (27 January 1981).

31
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, p. 146 (9 September 1981).

32
 John Golding,
Hammer of the Left: Defeating Tony Benn, Eric Heffer and Militant in the Battle for the Labour Party
(2003),
p. 191.

33
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, pp. 149, 152 (19, 23 September 1981).

34
 Kogan and Kogan,
The Battle for the Labour Party
, p. 114.

35
 Patrick Seyd,
The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left
(1987), p. 136.

36
 Kinnock to Ian Mikardo, 13 April 1981; quoted in Martin Westlake,
Kinnock: The Biography
(2001), p. 176.

37
 Quoted in Robert Harris,
The Making of Neil Kinnock
(1984), p. 165.

38
 
Daily Telegraph
, 12 June 1981.

39
 Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 54.

40
 Quoted in Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 140.

41
 Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 142.

42
 Quoted in Crewe and King,
SDP
, p. 144.

Chapter 6

1
 John Witherow and Patrick Bishop,
Winter War: The Falklands Conflict
(1982), p. 17.

2
 Although the documentation remains classified, the claim that the Soviet Union passed on satellite data to Argentina during the
conflict has been made by the Russian journalist Sergei Brilev, following interviews he conducted with senior Soviet intelligence and military officers of the time.
The Times
, 2 April
2010.

3
 Hugh Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge: The Unofficial History of the Falklands War
(2006), p. 106.

4
 Estphal was labour minister at the time and was publicly voicing the private view of the West German Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt.
The Times
, 5 May 1982.

5
 A full and dispassionate analysis of the history of the disputed claims to the Falkland Islands and its dependencies is contained in
Lawrence Freedman’s
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. 1:
The Origins of the Falklands War
(2005), pp. 1–16.

6
 The exact figure is disputed, with estimates ranging up to 30,000. The 11,000 figure has been suggested by Grupo Fahrenheit, using
evidence gathered by the National Commission on the Disappeared (CONADEP).

7
 Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, p. 27.

8
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 1, p. 153.

9
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 1, pp. 77–8.

10
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 1, p. 85.

11
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 1, p. 163.

12
 
The Times
, 31 March 1982.

13
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 1, pp. 206–7

14
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 1, p. 209.

15
 John Nott,
Here Today, Gone Tomorrow
(2002), p. 258.

16
 Alan Sked and Chris Cook,
Post-War Britain: A Political History
, fourth edition, (1993), p. 406.

17
 Sir Lawrence Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. 2:
War and Diplomacy
(2005), pp.
12–13.

18
 NOP opinion poll,
Daily Mail
, 6 April 1982.

19
 Enoch Powell to the Commons, 3 April 1982, HC Deb. 6s., vol. 21, col. 644.

20
 Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
(1993), p. 181.

21
 Michael Foot to the Commons, 3 April 1982, HC Deb. 6s., vol. 21. col. 638.

22
 Tony Benn,
The End of an Era: Diaries 1980–90
(1992), p. 216 (27 April 1982), p. 213 (23 April 1982).

23
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, pp. 207–8 (6 April 1982), p. 205 (5 April 1982).

24
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 186.

25
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 47.

26
 Nott,
Here Today, Gone Tomorrow
, p. 305.

27
 
The Times
, 14 May 1982.

28
 Weinberger memoirs; quoted in Nott,
Here Today, Gone Tomorrow
, p. 286.

29
 Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, p. 123.

30
 Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, pp. 205–8, 211.

31
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 171.

32
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 176.

33
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, pp. 279–80; Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, p. 126.

34
 Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, pp. 107, 109.

35
 Sir Anthony Parsons, interview for the British Diplomatic Oral History Project, Churchill College, Cambridge; quoted in John
Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher, Vol. 2: The Iron Lady
(2003), p. 145.

36
 
Independent on Sunday
, 28 December 2003.

37
 Peter Chippindale and Chris Horrie,
Stick It Up Your Punter!: The Rise and Fall of The Sun
(1991), p. 137.

38
 Professor Bernard Crick, letter,
The Times
, 6 May 1982.

39
 Tam Dalyell to the House of Commons, 21 December 1982.

40
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 746.

41
 
Independent on Sunday
, 28 December 2003.

42
 Draft US/Peruvian settlement, 6 May 1982; reproduced in Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, pp. 755–6.

43
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 327.

44
 Freedman,
Official History
, vol. 2, p. 330.

45
 Benn,
The End of an Era
, 29 April 1982, pp. 217–18.

46
 Thatcher to the Commons, 20 May 1982, HC Deb. 6s. vol. 24 col. 483.

47
 David Kynaston,
The Financial Times: A Centenary History
(1988), pp. 463–6.

48
 Geoffrey Taylor,
Changing Faces: A History of the Guardian, 1956–88
(1993), pp. 228–33.

49
 
New Statesman
, front cover, 30 April 1982;
New Statesman
, ‘Mad Margaret and the Voyage of Dishonour’, 9
April 1982.

50
 
The Times
, 5 April 1982.

51
 Graham Stewart,
The History of The Times
, vol. 7:
The Murdoch Years
(2005), p. 128.

52
 Stewart,
The History of The Times
, vol. 7, p. 130.

53
 Robert Harris,
Gotcha! The Media, the Government and the Falklands Crisis
(1983), p. 56.

54
 Major General Julian Thompson (ed.),
The Imperial War Museum Book of Modern Warfare
(2002), p. 358, note 5.

55
 Bicheno,
Razor’s Edge
, p. 156.