Blood Brothers (48 page)

44
. Gallen,
Malcolm X
, 49, 58–60.

45
. Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 168–172, 323–324; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 14.

46
. Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, 14.

47
.
AMX
, 316–17. Note: In February 1960, shortly after Elijah Muhammad returned from his trip to the Middle East, he declared that all NOI temples would be called
mosques
.

48
. Elijah Muhammad to Mr. Malcolm Shabazz, February 15, 1962, MXP.

49
. Malcolm X and James Farmer, “Separation or Integration: A Debate,”
Dialogue Magazine
, May 1962, 14–18.

50
. Farmer,
Lay Bare the Heart
, 224–225.

Chapter 3

1
.
LVS
, June 22, 1961, and June 23, 1961.

2
. For Clay's version of the story, see Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 39.

3
. For Gorgeous George's background, see Roberts and Olson,
Winning Is the Only Thing,
99–100.

4
. For Clay and George, see: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 39; Peter Carlson, “Gorgeous George Tutors Cassius Clay,”
American History
, December 2011, 24–25.

5
.
LVS
, June 26, 1961.

6
.
LVS
, June 27, 1961; Michael Brennan, “Ali and His Educators,”
SI
, September 22, 1980, accessed at
http://www.si.com/vault/1980/09/22/824976/ali-and-his-educators
.

7
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 120; Carlson, “Gorgeous George Tutors Cassius Clay,” 25.

8
. Myron Cope, “Feats of Clay,” in
Great Sports Reporting,
ed. Allen Kirschner (New York: Dell, 1969), 157–158
.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Gilbert Rogin, “Cautious Comes of Age,”
SI
, October 16, 1961, 22; Cope, “Feats of Clay,” 160; Huston Horn, “Fast Talk and a Slow Fight,”
SI
, July 31, 1961, 44.

11
. Horn, “Fast Talk and a Slow Fight,” 44.

12
. Roberts,
Joe Louis
, 71–72.

13
. Huston Horn, “Who Made Me—Is
Me!
,”
SI
, September 25, 1961, 39–40; Cope, “Feats of Clay,” 161.

14
. Horn, “Who Made Me—Is
Me!
,” 40–41.

15
. Ibid., 41.

16
. Rogin, “Cautious Comes of Age,” 22.

17
. Ibid., 33–55.

18
. “A Wet Way to Train for a Fight,”
Life
, September 8, 1961, 123.

19
. Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
, 23–24.

20
. Howard Tuckner, “‘Man, It's Great to Be Great,'”
NYTM
, December 9, 1962.

21
.
LCJ
, July 23, 1961.

22
. Joseph T. Friscia, “The RISE and Fall of a Heavyweight Contender,”
BI
, October 1961, 64.

23
.
LCJ,
October 8, 1961;
NYT
, October 8, 1961; Rogin, “Cautious Comes of Age,” 22.

24
. Atyeo and Dennis,
Muhammad Ali
, 24.

25
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 186–187.

26
. For the Clay-Besmanoff fight, see:
NYT
, November 30, 1961;
LCJ
, November 30, 1961; Cope, “Feats of Clay,” 161–162.

27
. Lew Eskin, “Bonus Boy of Boxing,”
The Ring
, October 1961, 17; Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 70.

28
. “Cassius Clay Says: ‘I'm Tired of Fighting Unrated Bums!!'”
The Ring
, February 1962, 54.

29
. “Annual World Rankings,”
The Ring
, February 1962, 42; Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 71.

30
.
NYT
, February 7, 1962;
NYP
, February 7, 1962.

31
. A. J. Liebling, “Poet and Pedagogue,”
The New Yorker
, March 3, 1962, 104.

32
. Ibid., 106–111.

33
. Ibid., 108.

34
. Unless otherwise noted, for the Clay-Banks fight, see: Liebling, “Poet and Pedagogue,” 114–117;
NYT
, February 11, 1962;
NYP
, February 11, 1962, and February 12, 1962; “Clay-Banks,”
BI
, May 1962, 13.

35
. Liebling, “Poet and Pedagogue,” 117.

36
.
NYT
, February 11, 1961;
NYP
, February 12, 1962.

37
.
BI
, March 1962, 7, and May 1962, 6;
The Ring
, March 1962, 18.

38
.
LAT
, April 8, 1962, April 10, 1962, and April 14, 1962;
LAS
, April 12, 1962.

39
.
LAT
, April 20, 1962, and April 25, 1962.

40
. Ibid., April 17, 1962, and April 23, 1962.

41
.
LAT
, April 20, 1962.

42
. For the Clay-Logan match, see:
LAT
, April 24, 1962, and April 25, 1962;
NYT
, April 24, 1962.

43
.
LAT
, April 23, 1962.

44
. Cope, “Feats of Clay,” 163–164;
LAT
, April 17, 1962.

Chapter 4

1
. Abdul Rahman Muhammad (Sam Saxon) interview with author.

2
.
MS
, July 1962; Alex Haley, “The Implications of Cassius X,” 1964, Box Two, Folder 1, AHP.

3
.
AMX
, 332.

4
. Fairclough,
Better Day Coming
, 308; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 96.

5
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 3–13; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 207;
LAT
April 28–29, 1962.

6
.
LAT
, April 28–29, 1962; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 97.

7
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 207–208; FBIMX-9.

8
.
LAT
, May 5, 1962; FBIMX-8; Butin,
L.A. Noir
, 252; “It Did Happen Here!” (press release), Box 12, Folder 1, MXP.

9
.
LAT
, May 6, 1962.

10
. Perry,
Malcolm
, 192.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 208; Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 13.

15
.
AMX
, 317; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 93–94.

16
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 14.

17
. Ibid., 15.

18
. FBIEM-6/7.

19
. Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 207; Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 80.

20
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 101–102.

21
. Ibid., 184–185.

22
. FBIEM-7.

23
.
AMX
, 322–324.

24
. Ibid.

25
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 115.

26
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 176.

27
.
CD
, July 7, 1964; FBIEM-7; Perry,
Malcolm
, 223.

28
. Marable and Felber, eds.,
The Portable Malcolm X Reader
, xxxii; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 174.

29
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 205; Perry,
Malcolm
, 189.

30
. Gallen,
Malcolm X
, 63.

31
.
LAT
, June 7, 1962; FBIMX-8.

32
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 14;
LAT
, June 16, 1962.

33
.
MC
, June 16, 1962;
MS
, July 1962.

34
.
MC
, June 16, 1962.

35
.
PC
, June 23, 1962;
AMX
, 332.

36
.
MS
, July 1962.

37
. Ibid.

38
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 23.

39
. Sam Pollard and Judy Richardson interview with Muhammad Ali, February 16, 1989, EYES.

40
. FBIMX-9.

41
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 159–160, 322 (footnote 51).

42
. FBIMX-8; Photocopy from
Muhammad Speaks
, “Boston, 1962,” Box 12, Folder 1, MXP; Malcolm X, “An Open Letter to America's Five Negro Congressmen,” n.d., Box 12, Folder 1, MXP.

43
. Perry,
Malcolm
, 223; Aubrey Barnette with Edward Linn, “The Black Muslims Are a Fraud,”
SEP
, February 27, 1965, 24, 29.

44
. Barnette with Linn, “The Black Muslims Are a Fraud,” 28–29.

45
. Ibid., 23–24.

46
. Lomax,
To Kill a Black Man
, 98.

47
. “The Muslim Message: All White Men Devils, All Negroes Divine,”
Newsweek
, August 27, 1962, 26; FBIMX-8; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 218–219; Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm X, September 21, 1962, Box 3, Folder 8, MXP.

48
.
AMX
, 319–321.

49
. Ibid., 310; Perry,
Malcolm
, 186; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 117.

50
.
LAT
, August 15, 1962.

51
.
NYAN
, August 25, 1962.

52
.
MS
, September 15, 1962.

Chapter 5

1
.
NYT
, May 17, 1962;
NYJA
, May 18, 1962.

2
.
NYJA
, May 20, 1962;
NYT
, May 20, 1962;
NYAN
, May 26, 1962.

3
. Nat Fleischer, “Alejandro Lavorante New Heavyweight Threat,”
The Ring
, November 1961, 28–29, 54–55;
LAT
, April 7, 1964.

4
.
LAT
, March 31, 1962, April 2, 1962, and April 7, 1962.

5
.
LAT
, July 10, 1962.

6
.
LAT
, July 21, 1962.

7
. Ibid., July 20, 1962, and July 21, 1962.

8
. Ibid., September 22, 1962, September 23, 1962, October 27, 1962, October 23, 1962, and January 24, 1963.

9
. Ibid., September 23, 1962, September 24, 1962, January 24, 1963, September 28, 1962, September 27, 1962, October 19, 1962, January 19, 1963, September 30, 1962, April 18, 1963, May 5, 1963, September 19, 1963, April 2, 1964, and April 7, 1964; Randy Roberts, “The Demise of a Contender,”
The Ring
, January 2015, 82–85.

10
. Roberts and Olson,
Winning Is the Only Thing
, 92.

11
. For the Griffith-Paret weigh-in controversy, see: Gilbert Rogin, “The Deadly Insult,”
SI
, April 2, 1962, 14;
NYT
, March 25, 1962;
Ring of Fire: The Emile Griffith Story
, produced by Dan Klores and Ron Berger (2005); Norman Mailer, “Ten Thousand Words a Minute,”
Esquire
, February 1963, 115; Rondinone,
Friday Night Fighter
, 193; Gene Smith, “The Shadow Boxer,”
SI
, April 18, 2005, accessed at
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/
.

12
.
NYT
, March 25, 1962.

13
. Ibid., 116.

14
. Dunphy,
Don Dunphy at Ringside
, 145–146, 163; Rondinone,
Friday Night Fighter
, 196–197.

15
.
NYT
, March 25, 1962, March 27, 1962, March 28, 1962, April 1, 1962, and April 4, 1962.

16
. Ibid., March 26, 1962, March 27, 1962, March 28, 1962, March 30, 1962, March 31, 1962, April 1, 1962, and April 7, 1962.

17
. Brooks and Marsh,
The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows
, 112–114.

18
. Randy Roberts, “The Wide World of Muhammad Ali: The Politics and Economics of Televised Boxing,” in
Muhammad Ali: The People's Champ,
ed. Elliot Gorn (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 25–39.

19
. Harry Markson, “TV Loss Not Fatal,”
The Ring
, November 1964, 16–17; “The End of an Era in Garden Boxing,”
The Ring
, November 1964, 7–15.

20
. William Nack, “O Unlucky Man,”
SI
, February 14, 1994, 156.

21
. Gilbert Rogin and Morton Sharnik, “Can't a Fellow Make a Mistake?,”
SI
, July 17, 1961; Jerry Izenberg interview with author.

22
. Rogin and Sharnik, “Can't a Fellow Make a Mistake?,” 27–28; Tosches,
The Devil and Sonny Liston
, 37–49; Jerry Izenberg interview with author.

23
. Nack, “O Unlucky Man,” 158; Stratton,
Floyd Patterson
, 153; Rogin and Sharnik, “Can't a Fellow Make a Mistake?,” 27, 50.

24
. “Professional Boxing,” Part 2: Frankie Carbo,
Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate, 68th Congress, 2nd Session (1960), 645.

25
. Rogin and Sharnik, “Can't a Fellow Make a Mistake?,” 24; Tosches,
The Devil and Sonny Liston
, 46; Leroi Jones, “In the Ring (2),”
The Nation
, June 1964, 661.

26
. Rogin and Sharnik, “Can't a Fellow Make a Mistake?,” 29, 48; Tosches,
The Devil and Sonny Liston
, 92–96.

27
. Tosches,
The Devil and Sonny Liston
, 99.

28
. “World Rankings,”
The Ring
, July 1960, 10; “Professional Boxing,” 790.

29
. Steven A. Riess, “Only the Ring Was Square: Frankie Carbo and the Underworld Control of American Boxing,”
International Journal of the History of Sport
5, no. 1 (May 1988): 41–42; Nagler,
James Norris and the Decline of Boxing
, 141–152.