Blood Brothers (53 page)

5
.
NYP
, May 22, 1964.

6
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 184.

7
. Ibid., 183–184.

8
. DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, 250;
NYT
, May 24, 1964.

9
. Lomax,
To Kill a Black Man
, 198; FBIRS, Summary Report, Chicago Office, August 27, 1964.

10
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 193.

11
. George E. Curry, “The Last Days of Malcolm X: Part I,”
Emerge
, February 1995, n.p.

12
. FBIMX-14; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 200–201.

13
. FBIMX-14; Perry,
Malcolm
, 288.

14
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 346; FBIMX-14; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 344, 426. In an interview with Manning Marable, Thomas 15X Johnson, one of the three men convicted of murdering Malcolm, claimed that John Ali ordered the hit on Malcolm.

15
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 348; Perry,
Malcolm
, 291; FBIMX-14. Thomas 15X Johnson also recalled that one of the captains said to leave Malcolm alone.

16
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 198.

17
.
NYHT
, June 16, 1964; Evanzz,
The Judas Factor
, 240;
PC
, May 30, 1964.

18
.
NYP
, June 26, 1964.

19
. Unless otherwise cited, the NOI rally is drawn from
NYT
, June 29, 1964;
CT
, June 29, 1964.

20
. Ali's speech is drawn from “Elijah Muhammad and Muhammad Ali @ Harlem, June 28, 1964,” YouTube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0-GGR17tG4
.

21
.
MS
, July 17, 1964.

22
. Leon Phillips FBI File, Summary Report, New York Office, January 5, 1965, FBILP; Phillips FBI File, Summary Report, New Haven Office, January 19, 1965, FBILP; Lipsyte,
SportsWorld
, 92, 99.

23
.
NYAN
, January 16, 1965; Evanzz,
The Messenger
, 300; Leon Ameer interview with FBI special agents, Boston Office, February 17, 1965, FBILA.

24
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 414.

25
. Ibid., 189–190; Joseph,
Dark Days, Bright Nights
, 90–91; “Statement of Basic Aims and Objectives,” Organization of Afro-American Unity, June 28, 1964, in Breitman,
The Last Year of Malcolm X
, 105–113.

26
.
CD
, July 6, 1964, and July 8, 1964; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 223–224; Evanzz,
The Messenger
, 303.

27
. There are conflicting accounts about the details of Malcolm's escape from his assailants. See Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 204; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 199–200; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 358; Perry,
Malcolm
, 307–308; FBIMX-14;
NYDN
, February 15, 1965.

28
. Evanzz,
The Messenger
, 301; Leon Ameer interview with FBI agents, February 17, 1965, FBILA; Aubrey Barnette with Edward Linn, “The Black Muslims Are a Fraud,”
SEP
, February 27, 1965, 27; Perry, ed.,
Malcolm X
, 136.

29
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 359.

30
.
LAS
, July 23, 1964;
Bridgeport (CT) Telegram
, July 8, 1964. For the Ali-Slack interaction, see “The Ladies of the Press: Guest Muhammad Ali,” YouTube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsFgoB3fBbU
.

31
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 130;
MS
, June 5, 1964, June 19, 1964, July 3, 1964, July 17, 1964, January 15, 1965, March 19, 1965, April 9, 1965, and April 16, 1965.

32
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 135.

33
. “Playboy Interview: Cassius Clay,”
Playboy
, October 1964, 82.

34
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 152; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 114–116; Remnick,
King of the World
, 231.

35
. Source withheld by request.

36
.
NYT
, August 15, 1964; Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 152; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 130–131.

37
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 153; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 131.

38
. Myron Cope, “Muslim Champ,”
SEP
, November 14, 1964, 36;
BG
, October 28, 1964.

39
. Cope, “Muslim Champ,” 33, 37;
NYT
, September 15, 1964; Gilbert Rogin, “Still Hurt and Lost,”
SI
, November 16, 1964, accessed at
http://www.si.com/vault/1964/11/16/606303/still-hurt-and-lost
.

40
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 233.

41
. Rogin, “Still Hurt and Lost.”

42
. Cope, “Muslim Champ,” 33.

43
. Ibid., 37;
BG
, November 5, 1964, and November 12, 1964; “Prizefighting: Playing Grownups,”
Time
, November 13, 1964, 104.

44
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 120; Cope, “Muslim Champ,” 34.

45
. Bingham and Wallace,
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight
, 89.

46
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 122–123.

47
. Cope, “Muslim Champ,” 34.

48
.
NYT
, February 23, 1965; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 121;
Muhammad Ali: Made in Miami
, DVD, produced by Gaspar Gonzalez and Alan Tomlinson (PBS, 2008); Hans J. Massaquoi, “Mystery of Malcolm X,”
Ebony
, September 1964, 42.

49
. Rogin, “Still Hurt and Lost.”

50
.
NYT
, November 13, 1964;
BG
, November 12, 1964; Watkins,
Stepin Fetchit
, 266.

51
. Watkins,
Stepin Fetchit
, 10, 263.

52
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 246.

53
. Huston Horn, “The $400,000 Bellyache,”
SI
, November 23, 1964, accessed at
http://www.si.com/vault/1964/11/23/614111/the-400000-bellyache
;
NYT
, November 14, 1964.

54
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 238.

55
. Ibid.;
BG
, November 15, 1964;
NYT
, November 15, 1964;
NYJA
, February 25, 1965.

56
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 239.

57
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 217–220.

58
. Malcolm's interview with Claude Lewis is drawn from Gallen,
Malcolm X
, 165–178; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 236–238.

Chapter 17

1
.
MS
, April 10, 1964, and December 4, 1964; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 347.

2
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 397–398.

3
.
Muhammad Ali: Made in Miami
, DVD, produced by Gaspar Gonzalez and Alan Tomlinson (PBS, 2008).

4
. Leon Ameer interview with FBI agents, February 17, 1965, FBILA.

5
. Ibid;
BG
, February 22, 1965.

6
. Leon Ameer, interview by Barry Gray,
Barry Gray Show
, WMCA, January 14, 1965, FBILA.

7
. Ibid.;
NYAN
, January 16, 1965.

8
.
WP
, January 10, 1965.

9
.
NYAN
, January 16, 1965.

10
. Ibid., January 9, 1965, and January 16, 1965; Evanzz,
The Messenger
, 315.

11
. For Ali's quotes about Leon Ameer, see:
NYT
, January 14, 1965; Lipsyte,
SportsWorld
, 97–98.

12
. Friedly,
Malcolm X
, 105; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 417.

13
. Perry,
Malcolm X
, 118;
NYAN
, February 6, 1965; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 218.

14
. Jamal,
On the Dead Level
, 239–256.

15
. Ibid., 257–259.

16
. FBIMX-13.

17
. Lomax,
When the Word Is Given
, 82; Evanzz,
The Judas Factor
, 197–198; Lomax,
To Kill a Black Man
, 198–199.

18
. Friedly,
Malcolm X
, 155.

19
.
NYJA
, February 28, 1965.

20
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 409–410; Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 573–574.

21
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 251.

22
. Ibid.; FBIMX-15; Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 574–575;
AMX
, 464.

23
. Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 133–134.

24
. Ibid., 134.

25
. FBIMX-15; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 253–254; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 222.

26
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 262; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 222–223.

27
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 262; Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 590.

28
.
NYDN
, February 15, 1965; Evanzz,
The Judas Factor
, 291;
NYT
, February 17, 1965.

29
.
CST
, February 22, 1965.

30
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 110.

31
. For Malcolm's comments at the February 15 OAAU rally, see Perry,
Malcolm X
, 109–149. According to Manning Marable, Malcolm and Jeremiah X met with the Klan in January 1961. See Marable,
Malcolm X
, 178–179.

32
. Gordon Parks, “‘I Was a Zombie Then—Like All Muslims, I Was Hypnotized,'”
Life
, March 5, 1965, 28.

33
. Evanzz,
The Judas Factor
, 292–293;
Newsday
, July 23, 1989; George Curry, “The Last Days of Malcolm X: Part II,”
Emerge
, March 1995, n.p.; Clark, ed.,
February 1965: The Final Speeches
, 123.

34
. Curry, “The Last Days of Malcolm X: Part II”; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 259–262.

35
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 266.

36
. Parks, “‘I Was a Zombie Then—Like All Muslims, I Was Hypnotized,'” 28.

37
. FBIMX-18. Unless otherwise noted, this section on the assassination of Malcolm X is drawn from Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 268–278, 314–315, 418.

38
. George Curry, “The Last Days of Malcolm X,”
Emerge
, February 1995, n.p.

39
.
AMX
, 469–470.

40
. Friedly,
Malcolm X
, 96–97, 216; Karim with Skutches and Gallen,
Remembering Malcolm
, 187.

41
. Friedly,
Malcolm X
, 97.

42
. Curry, “The Last Days of Malcolm X,” n.p.

43
. Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 228.

44
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 434;
AMX
, 471; Karim with Skutches and Gallen,
Remembering Malcolm
, 188.

45
. Karim with Skutches and Gallen,
Remembering Malcolm
, 189; Curry, “The Last Days of Malcolm X,” n.p.

46
. Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 227; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 436.

47
.
NYDN
, February 22, 1965; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 436.

48
.
NYP
, February 22, 1965;
NYHT
, February 22, 1965.

49
.
NYHT
, February 22, 1965;
CD
, February 22, 1965.

50
. Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 230.

51
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 437–438;
NYP
, February 22, 1965.

52
. “The Violent End of the Man Called Malcolm,”
Life
, March 5, 1965, 26–27;
NYHT
, February 22, 1965; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 231.

53
. Rickford,
Betty Shabazz,
238; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 439; Parks, “‘I Was a Zombie Then—Like All Muslims, I Was Hypnotized,'” 30.

54
.
CA
, February 22, 1965;
CST
, February 22, 1965;
CD
, February 23, 1965; FBIMX-15.

55
. Ali with Durham,
The Greatest
, 191–192;
CA
, February 22, 1965.

56
.
NYT
, February 23, 1965;
CA
, February 23, 1965; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 228.

57
.
CA
, February 24, 1965;
NYP
, February 23, 1965.

58
.
CA
, February 24, 1965;
CDN
, February 24, 1965;
LAS
, February 25, 1965;
BG
, February 24, 1965.

59
. For quotes from the 1965 Saviours' Day Convention, see
CT
, February 24, 1965, and February 27, 1965;
BG
, February 27, 1965;
NYT
, February 27, 1965; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 301–302.

60
.
NYHT
, February 28, 1965;
NYP
, February 28, 1965; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 302–303; Carson,
Malcolm X
, 394–395.

61
.
NYHT
, February 28, 1965; Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, 244–246, 252–253.

62
.
NYHT
, February 28, 1965;
NYT
, February 28, 1965;
NYJA
, February 28, 1965.