Blood Cries Afar (54 page)

185
   Turner,
King John
, 162. Poole takes a different view:
Domesday Book to Magna Carta
, 446.

186
   Annals of Margam, in
Annales Monastici
[AM], ed. H.R. Luard, Rolls Series, 1864–6), iii, 28; Turner,
King John
, 163.

187
   Warren,
King John
, 169.

188
   Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, 306–7.

189
   BC, ii, p.210. For Wendover’s accurate comment, see RW, ii, p. 64. The patriotically minded Matthew Paris lambasted the agreement, labelling it ‘detestable’:
Matthei Parisiensis Historia Anglorum
, ed. F. Maddern, 3 vols., Rolls Series, 1886–9, ii, 146–8.

190
   Cheney and Semple,
Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III
, 157, 163.

191
   Ibid, 141.

192
   Some of the more effusive accolades from scholars are summarised in Turner,
King John
, 169. A portion of the financial restitution was redirected to John’s financing of his continental campaign in 1214 (Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, 92). Christopher Harper-Bill draws attention to the important ecclesiastical consequences of the haggling over compensation: Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, 308–9.

193
   For military organisation in England, see: Prestwich,
Armies and Warfare
, chs. 3 and 4; Bartlett,
England Under the Normand and Angevin Kings
, 261–9; Powicke,
The Loss of Normandy
, 209–32; John Beeler,
Warfare in England, 1066–1189
, Ithaca, 1966, chs. 10–11; Michael Powicke,
Military Obligation in Medieval England
, Oxford, 1962, especially chs. 3–5; Strickland,
Anglo-Norman Warfare
, 28–127; C. W. Hollister,
The Military Organization of Norman England
, Oxford, 1965. Indispensable for knights in John’s reign is S.D. Church,
The Household Knights of King John
, Cambridge, 1999 and his articles listed therein. Important articles which shed light on John’s forces both directly or indirectly, include Nicholas Vincent, ‘A Roll of Knights Summoned to Campaign in 1213’,
Historical Research
, 66 (1), 1993 and J. Critchley, ‘Summonses to military service early in the reign of Henry III’,
EHR
, 86 (1), 1971.

194
   As records become more abundant and complete in the later Middle Ages, so (but still with reservations), a fuller picture can emerge from the records. See, for example, the fine study by Andrew Ayton,
Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy Under Edward III
, Woodbridge, 1994.

195
   Smail,
Crusading Warfare
, 97.

196
   For Henry VII and Bosworth, see: Michael Jones,
Bosworth 1485
, Stroud, 2002; Michael Bennett,
The Battle of Bosworth
, Stroud, 1985. For Henry IV and Richard II, see Nigel Saul,
Richard II
, 1997; Ian Mortimer,
The Fears of Henry IV
, 2007. Anthony Tuck estimates that Henry’s retinue as ‘probably numbering no more than forty or fifty’; ‘Richard had little to fear from Henry and his small band of exiles’ (Tuck,
Crown and Nobility
, 215–16). In the
Annales Ricardi Secundi
, Thomas Walsingham, a monk of St Albans continuing the literary, anti-royalist tradition of Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, wrote: ‘the number of fighting men accompanying him did not amount … to more than fifteen … With such a small force, it is a wonder that he dared to invade the kingdom of England, but even more astonishing is the fact that within such a short time … he was able to pacify the whole realm’ (in C. Given-Wilson, ed. and trans.,
Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397–40: The Reign of Richard II
, Manchester, 1993, 116–17). Nigel Saul doubts that at this stage Henry had designs on the crown but was merely seeking to regain his inheritance (Saul,
Richard II
, 406). Either way, the episode shows just how events take on a momentum of their own. Many military actions were begun as exploratory moves to test the waters.

197
   See Matthew Bennett, ‘Wace and Warfare’, in
ANW
, 241. Wace was writing in the twelfth century. The whole question of the introduction of knight service into England is persuasively challenged by John Gillingham,
The English in the Twelfth Century
, Woodbridge, 2000, 187–208, which includes a succinct summary of scholarship on this debate. Stephen Church has made the important observation that despite the move to money, land was still central to retaining (or failing to retain) the loyalty of his knights (Church,
The Household Knights of King John
, ch. 4).

198
   Robert de Torigny,
Chronica
, in
Chronicles of he Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I
, ed. R. Howlett, 4 vols., Rolls Series, 1884–9, iv, 193. The campaign lasted four months.

199
   Prestwich,
Armies and Warfare
, 67.See also Poole,
Domesday Book to Magna Carta
, 370–1. For recent summaries and discussion of feudal service, see Frederick C. Suppe, ‘Military Obligation’ and Sean McGlynn, ‘
Servicium Debitum
’, both in
OEMW
.

200
   Bartlett,
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
, 263.

201
   Ibid, 203–5, 263–4. For a cogent discussion of quota reductions and knighthood in general, see: Peter Coss,
The Knight in Medieval England, 1000–1400
, Stroud, 1993, ch.3; Prestwich,
Armies and Warfare
, pp. 68–71. Knighthood in England is debated in articles by John Gillingham, Peter Coss, David Crouch and Michael Prestwich, in
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, Sixth Series, v, 1995, 129–220.

202
   The Assize of Arms can be found in D.C. Douglas and G. Greenaway (eds),
English Historical Documents, II: 1042–1189
, 449–51, and Howden, ii, 261–3, who also covers France at 270. The Count of Flanders also followed these reforms. For a discussion, see Powicke,
Military Obligation
, 58–60; John D. Hosler,
Henry II: A Medieval Soldier
, 96–100.

203
   Powicke,
Military Obligations
, 58–60, offers a good discussion of these mobilisations.

204
   Church,
Household Knights of King John
, 153.

205
   Bartlett,
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
, 265.

206
   See R. Allen Brown,
English Castles
, 3rd edn, 1976, 185. Castle garrisons are studied in John Moore, ‘Anglo-Norman Garrisons’,
ANS
22, 2000; Michael Prestwich, ‘The Garrisoning of English Medieval Castles’ in Richard Abels and Bernard S. Bachrach,
The Normans and Their Adversaries at War
, Woodbridge, 2001. Castles needed supplies as well as men, and this too could reflect the political climate. For supplying, see Michael Prestwich, ‘The Victualling of Castles’ in Peter Coss and Christopher Tyerman (eds),
Soldiers, Nobles and Gentlemen: Essays in Honour of Maurice Keen
, Woodbridge, 2009.

207
   Powicke,
The Loss of Normandy
, 225.

208
   For Philip’s war finances and organisation see: Baldwin,
Government of Philip Augustus
, 166–75, and E. Audouin,
Essai sur l’Armée Royale au Temps de Philippe Auguste
, Paris, 1913.

209
   Bradbury,
Philip Augustus
, 246.

210
   For what follows the starting point is Baldwin’s
Government of Philip Augustus
, chs. 7, 11 and 15. Good summaries with useful commentaries are to be found in Bradbury,
Philip Augustus
, pp. 238–44; Philippe Contamine, ‘L’Armée de Philippe Auguste’, in Bautier,
La France de Philippe Auguste
; Laurence Marvin, ‘Warfare and the Composition of Armies in France, 1100–1218: An Emphasis on the Common Soldier’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Illinois
,
1996, 133–40. For detail, see E. Audouin,
Essai sur l’Armée de Philippe Auguste
, Paris, 1913. Brief accounts are available in Hallam,
Capetian France
, 161–3; Powicke,
Loss of Normandy
, 220–1; Luchaire,
Philippe Auguste
, 260–66.

211
   Baldwin,
Government of Philip Augustus
, 283.

212
   Bradbury,
Philip Augustus
, 280.

213
   A. Erlande-Brandenburg, ‘L’Architecture Militaire au Temps de Philippe Auguste: une Nouvelle Conception de la Défense’, in Bautier,
La France de Philippe Auguste
; idem, ‘Organisation du Conseil d’Architecture et des Corps des Spécialistes sous Philippe Auguste’, in X.B. Altet (ed),
Artistes, Artisans et Productions Artistique au Moyen Age
, Paris, 1987; P. Curnow, ‘Some Devlopments in Military Architecture c. 1200: Le Courdray-Salbart’,
ANS
2, 1979; Peter Purton,
A History of the Early Medieval Siege, Volume I: c.450–1200
, Woodbridge, 2010, 328–30.

214
   Charles Coulson, ‘Fortress Policy in Capetian Tradition and Angevin Practice’, in
ANS
, 6, 1983, 15. See also his important article “‘National” Requisitioning for “Public” Use of “Private” Castles in Pre-Nation State France’, in Alfred Smyth (ed),
Medieval Europeans: Studies in Ethnic Identity and National Perspectives in Medieval Europe
, 1998.

215
   For naval matters, see: Warren,
King John
, 120–5; F.W. Brooks,
The English Naval Forces, 1199–1272
, 1933; N.A.M. Rodger,
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, Volume I: 660–1649
, 1997, ch. 4; W.L. Clowes,
The Royal Navy, Volume I
1897, ch. 9. Bradbury,
Philip Augustus
, pp. 242–3; Michel Mollat du Jourdin, ‘Philippe Auguste et la Mer’, in Bautier,
La France de Philippe Auguste
. For medieval shipping, in addition to Rogers above, see Ian Friel,
The Good Ships: Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in England, 1200–1520
, 1995, and Susan Rose, ‘Ships and Shipping’,
OEMW
. For the Cinque Ports, F.W. Brooks, ‘The Cinque Ports’,
Mariner’s Mirror
, xv, 1929.

216
   Warren,
King John
, 121–2.

217
   Ibid, 123.

218
   Turner,
King John
, 128.

219
   John Gillingham, ‘Richard I, Galley Warfare and Portsmouth: The Beginnings of a Royal Navy’,
TCE
, 6, 1997.

220
   Helen Nicholson (ed and trans),
Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
, Aldershot, 1997, 157.

221
   Bradbury,
Philip Augustus
, 242; Mollat du Jourdin, ‘Philippe Auguste et la Mer’, in Bautier,
La France de Philippe Auguste
, 622. The importance of Flanders to the nascent French navy can be seen in S. Curveiller, ‘Le Bois et la Flandre Maritime au Moyen Âge’,
Le Moyen Âge
, 106 (2), 2000.

222
   P.D.A. Harvey, ‘The English Inflation of 1180–1220,
Past and Present
, 61, 1973; J.L. Bolton, ‘Inflation, Economics and Politics in Thirteenth-Century England’,
TCE
, 4, 1992; idem, ‘The English Economy in the Early Thirteenth Century’, in Church,
King John
; Paul Latimer, ‘Early Thirteenth-Century Prices’, in ibid; M. Allen, ‘The Volume of the English Currency, 1158–1470’,
Economic History Review
, 54 (4), 2001; D.H. Fischer,
The Great Wave: Price Revolutions and the Rhythm of History
, Oxford, 1996, ch.1.

223
   Respectively: Harvey, ‘English Inflation’, 7; D. Stenton,
English Society in the Early Middle Ages
, Harmondsworth, 1952, 44. Warren also sympathises (
King John
, 145). A different view is expressed in Bolton, ‘The English Economy’.

224
   Georges Duby,
The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Centuries
, Ithaca, 1974, 263; Fischer,
The Great Wave
, 17. Although Fischer does not cite Bolton, both are in broad agreement on this issue.

225
   James Masschaele, ‘The English Economy in the Age of Magna Carta’, in Loengard,
Magna Carta
, 167.

226
   R.I. Moore,
The Formation of a Persecuting Society
, Oxford, 1987, 102.

227
   J.C. Holt, ‘The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance’, in John Gillingham and J.C. Holt (eds),
War and Government in the Middle Ages
, Woodbridge, 1984; John Gillingham,
The Angevin Empire
, 2nd edn., 2001, 95–102; Nicholas Barratt, ‘The Revenues of king John and Philip Augustus Revisited’, in Church,
King John
; idem, ‘The Revenue of King John’,
EHR
, 111 (443), 1996; Turner,
King John
, 91–4; Baldwin,
Government of Philip Augustus
, 44–58, 117–19, 144–75, 239–48, 277–79.

228
   Bolton, ‘English Inflation’, 4. Holt’s influential essay (see n. above) also puts forward this view.

229
   Gillingham,
Angevin Empire
, 98.

230
   Barratt, ‘Revenues of John and Philip Augustus’, 84.

231
   See Turner,
King John
, 12.

232
   Holt,
The Northerners
, 144.

233
   For the events of 1205–06, see: Warren,
King John
, 100–120; Turner,
King John
, 127–30; Norgate,
John Lackland
, 103–18; Baldwin,
Government of Philip Augustus
, 194–6; A. Lyons, ‘The Capetian Conquest of Anjou’, unpublished PhD thesis, John Hopkins University, 1976; Guy Gauthier,
Philippe Auguste
, Paris, 2002, 242–56. The events are dispersed through the chronicles; see the references in the following footnotes.