Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (94 page)

73
Spektor, “Żydzi wołyńscy,” 477; Snyder, “West Volhynian Jews,” 91-96. For “useless eaters,” see Grynberg,
Życie
, 577. Regarding the Great Synagogue in Kovel and for the quotations in the next paragraph, see ŻIH/1644. The inscriptions were noted by Hanoch Hammer. The Soviets used the synagogue to store grain.

CHAPTER 7: HOLOCAUST AND REVENGE

1
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 374; Szybieka,
Historia
, 337. Compare Edele, “States,” 348, 361. On the 19 July ghetto order, see
Verbrechen
, 80.

2
On the first killing actions, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 506, 549, 639; Matthäus, “Reibungslos,” 260; Longerich,
Vernichtung
, 370 (women); Epstein,
Minsk
, 81; and Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 116. On the 7-9 November killings, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 506, 509, 624; Smolar,
Ghetto
, 41; Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 118; and Rubenstein,
Unknown
, 237-238, 245, 251. Other symbolic murders: the Germans carried out an action on 23 February 1942 (Red Army Day) and shot Jewish women on 8 March 1942 (International Women’s Day).

3
On the promised parade, see Braithwaite,
Moscow
, 252.

4
Smilovitsky, “Antisemitism,” 207-208; Braithwaite,
Moscow
, 262.

5
See Brandenberger,
National Bolshevism
, 118-119.

6
Quotation: Brandenberger,
National Bolshevism
, 119.

7
Quotation: Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 90.

8
On the boots taken from dead or captured soldiers, see
Ich werde es nie vergessen
, 66, 188; and Merridale,
Ivan’s War
, 138.

9
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 768; Epstein,
Minsk
, 22; Smolar,
Ghetto
, 15; Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 221.

10
On the humiliations reserved for Jews, see Rubenstein,
Unknown
, 256; also Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 125. On Eberl, see Grabher,
Eberl
, 66. On the film, see Longerich,
Himmler
, 552.

11
On the “beauty contest,” see Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 132; and Smolar,
Ghetto
, 22. On the evening in autumn 1941, see Smolar,
Ghetto
, 46. Quotation: Rubenstein,
Unknown
, 244. At the nearby Koldychevo concentration camp, guards serially raped and murdered women; see Chiari,
Alltag
, 192.

12
Epstein,
Minsk
, 42 and passim. On the Soviet documents, see
Chiari
, Alltag, 249.

13
Epstein,
Minsk
, 130.

14
Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 228. For biographical details on Smolar, see “Ankieta,” 10 August 1949, AAN, teczka osobowa 5344.

15
Cholawsky, “Judenrat,” 117-120; Chiari,
Alltag
, 240; Smolar,
Ghetto
, 19.

16
On the signaling of danger, see Smolar,
Ghetto
, 62. On the Jewish policemen, see Epstein,
Minsk
, 125. On the gloves and socks, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 680. On the guides, see Smolar,
Ghetto
, 95; and Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 164. For the ball, see Epstein,
Minsk
, 215.

17
Brakel, “Versorgung,” 400-401.

18
On the funding, see Epstein,
Minsk
, 96, 194.

19
Klein, “Zwischen,” 89. See also Hull,
Absolute Destruction
; Anderson, “Incident”; and Lagrou, “Guerre Honorable.”

20
On Franz Halder and his nuclear-weapon fantasy, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 558. On Himmler and the thirty million Slavs, see Sawicki,
Zburzenie
, 284. Quotation: Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 228.

21
Quotations: Birn, “Anti-Partisan Warfare,” 286;
Verbrechen
, 469. See also Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 566.

22
Szybieka,
Historia
, 348; Mironowicz,
Białoruś
, 158; Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 232; Klein, “Zwischen,” 90.

23
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 680, 686.

24
Quotation: Matthäus, “Reibungslos,” 261.

25
Smolar,
Ghetto
, 72; Cholawsky, “Judenrat,” 125. For the figure 3,412, see Matthäus, “Reibungslos,” 262. On Lipski, see Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 158.

26
Cholawsky, “Judenrat,” 123; Epstein,
Minsk
, 133. On Heydrich, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 694. On the fur coats, see Browning,
Origins
, 300.

27
On the figure cited, see Smolar,
Ghetto
, 98. Quotation: Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 189. See also Cholawsky, “Judenrat,” 126; and Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 704.

28
On the gas vans, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 1075; and Rubenstein,
Unknown
, 245, 248, 266-267. For “soul destroyers,” see Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 162.

29
Rubenstein,
Unknown
, 246; see also Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 132.

30
Smolar,
Ghetto
, 158; Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 231; Brakel, “Versorgung,” 400-401. On the women and children, see Smilovitsky, “Antisemitism,” 218.

31
On Zorin, see Slepyan,
Guerillas
, 209; and Epstein,
Minsk
, 24. On the raid, see Ehrenburg,
Black Book
, 135. On Rufeisen, see Matthäus, “Reibungslos,” 254.

32
Tec,
Defiance
, 80, 82, 145, 185, quotation at 80; Slepyan,
Guerillas
, 210; Musial, “Sowjetische,” 185, 201-202.

33
On the 23,000 partisans and the “partisan republics,” see Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 231. On the civilians, see Brakel,
Unter Rotem Stern
, 290, 304; Szybieka,
Historia
, 349; Slepyan,
Guerillas
, 81; and Mironowicz,
Białoruś
, 160. On the locomotives, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 868.

34
Musial,
Mythos
, 189, 202; Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 238; Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 131;
Verbrechen
, 495.

35
Slepyan,
Guerillas
, 17, 42.

36
Kravets and Gerassimova are quoted in Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 47, 126. For the use of “whore” as the standard mode of address, see Chiari,
Alltag
, 256. On the game of hide-and-seek, see Projektgruppe, “Existiert,” 164.

37
On 18 August, see Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 232; and Westermann, “Ideological Soldiers,” 57. On “special treatment,” see Musial,
Mythos
, 145. On the villagers to be destroyed “like Jews,” see Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 239.

38
Westermann, “Ideological Soldiers,” 53, 54, 60; Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 705, 919.

39
For the reckoning of 208,089 Jews killed in Belarus in 1942, see Brandon, “The Holocaust in 1942.” This does not include the Białystok region, which was part of the BSSR in 1939-1941 but not after the war.

40
On Gottberg, see Klein, “Massenmörder,” 95-99. On Bach and for the numbers cited, see Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 233, 239.

41
Stang, “Dirlewanger,” 66-70; Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 20-21, figure (“at least thirty thousand civilians”) at 26, 132; Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 958; MacLean,
Hunters
, 28, 133.

42
On the kill quotas, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 890. On Operation Swamp Fever, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 911-913, 930; Benz,
Einsatz
, 239; Matthäus, “Reibungslos,” 267; and Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 34. On Jeckeln, see Brakel,
Unter Rotem Stern
, 295. On Hornung, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 946; and Klein, “Massenmörder,” 100.

43
Brakel,
Unter Rotem Stern
, 304; Smilovitsky, “Antisemitism,” 220. On the prewar communists, see Rein, “Local Collaborators,” 394.

44
On the eight hundred policemen and militiamen, see Musial,
Mythos
, 266. On the twelve thousand, see Mironowicz,
Białoruś
, 160. See also Slepyan,
Guerillas
, 209.

45
Szybieka,
Historia
, 345, 352; Mironowicz,
Białoruś
, 159.

46
On October 1942, see Nolte, “Partisan War,” 274.

47
Klein, “Zwischen,” 100.

48
On Operation Cottbus, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 948; Pohl,
Herrschaft
, 293; Musial,
Mythos
, 195; and
Verbrechen
, 492. On the swine, see Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 241.

49
On Operation Hermann, see Musial,
Mythos
, 212; and Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 907.

50
On the shooting of 127 Poles, see Musial,
Mythos
, 210. See also Jasiewicz,
Zagłada
, 264-265.

51
Brakel,
Unter Rotem Stern
, 317; Gogun,
Stalinskie komandos
, 144.

52
Shephard, “Wild East,” 174; Angrick,
Einsatzgruppe D
, 680-689. Quotation: Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 242.

53
Birn, “Anti-Partisan Warfare,” 291; see also, generally, Klein, “Zwischen,” 96.

54
Dallin,
Brigade
, 8-58.

55
Chiari,
Alltag
, 138; Szybieka,
Historia
, 346; Mironowicz,
Białoruś
, 148, 155.

56
Szybieka,
Historia
, 346.

57
Musial, “Sowjetische,” 183.

58
On the figures cited (“fifteen thousand” and “ninety-two”), see Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 36. For the figure of 5,295 localities, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 943. On the 10,431 partisans reported shot, see Klee,
Gott mit uns
, 55. On the diary, see Lück, “Partisanbekämpfung,” 239. See also Matthäus, “Reibungslos,” 268.

59
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 1158.

60
On the killing of 17,431 people as traitors, see
Musial
, Mythos, 261. On class enemies, see Jasiewicz,
Zagłada
, 264-265.

61
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 1160. Chiari estimates that 276,000 Poles had been killed or moved by the end of the war; see
Alltag
, 306.

62
On the crematoria, see Gerlach, “Mogilev,” 68. On Asgard, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 425.

63
Arad,
Reinhard
, 136-137.

CHAPTER 8: THE NAZI DEATH FACTORIES

1
Compare two fundamental works by one historian: Arad,
Reinhard
, and Arad,
Soviet Union.

2
Quotation: Wasser,
Raumplannung
, 61, also 77. On the special status of Lublin, see Arad,
Reinhard
, 14; Musiał, “Przypadek,” 24; and Dwork,
Auschwitz
, 290. On the implementation of Generalplan Ost known as the “Zamość Action,” see Autuchiewicz, “Stan,” 71; Aly,
Architects
, 275; and Tooze,
Wages of Destruction
, 468. On the date cited (13 October 1941), see Pohl, “Znaczenie,” 45.

3
Browning,
Origins
, 419; Rieger,
Globocnik
, 60.

4
On the lack of personnel, see Musiał, “Przypadek,” 31. On German preferences, see Black, “Handlanger,” 315.