Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (90 page)

2
On Warsaw, see Böhler,
Überfall
, 171-172. On the strafing, see Datner,
55 Dni
, 96; and Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
, 67.

3
Naumann, “Die Mörder,” 54-55; Grass,
Beim Häuten
, 15-16.

4
On the death of German soldiers as “murder,” see Datner,
Zbrodnie
, 73. For “insolence,” see Lukacs,
Last European War
, 58. On the barn and cavalry, see Datner,
Zbrodnie
, 72, 69; Rossino,
Hitler
, 166, 169; and Böhler,
Verbrechen
, 23.

5
Here is the instruction in somewhat greater detail: “Close your hearts to pity. Brutal action. Eighty million must get their due. Their existence must be secured. The stronger has the right. The greatest of severity.” See Mallman,
Einsatzgruppen
, 54. On Ciepielów, see Böhler,
Verbrechen
, 131. On the red cross, see Rossino,
Hitler
, 181; see also 184. For other tank incidents, see Datner,
Zbrodnia
, 62.

6
For “Poles are the slaves” and the death grimace, see Rossino,
Hitler
, 141, 204. On “the intention of the Leader to destroy and exterminate the Polish people,” see Mallmann,
Einsatzgruppen
, 57.

7
Rossino,
Hitler
, 138, 141; Böhler,
Verbrechen
, 100.

8
Bartoszewski,
Warszawski pierścień
, 52-53.

9
Böhler,
Verbrechen
, 19.

10
On Solec, see Böhler,
Verbrechen
, 116. On the Jewish boy who asked for water, see Rossino,
Hitler
, 172. On Dynów, see Böhler,
Überfall
, 200. Rossino estimates that Jews were seven thousand of the fifty thousand Polish civilians killed by the Germans by the end of 1939; see
Hitler
, 234. Mallman, Böhler, and Mathaüs also give these figures in
Einsatzgruppen
, at 88. Böhler estimates about thirty thousand by the end of October (
Verbrechen
, 140) and forty-five thousand, of whom seven thousand were Jews, by the end of the year (
Überfall
, 138).

11
On the possibility of such hope, see Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 54-59.

12
Quotation: Weinberg,
World at Arms
, 57.

13
On the Lwów betrayal, see Cienciala,
Crime
, 20; Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 9-10; and Wnuk,
Za pierwszego Sowieta
, 35.

14
On the Ukrainian steppe, see Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 15. On the Polish farmers’ distress, see Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 98-99.

15
Hrycak estimates 125,000 prisoners of war (“Victims,” 179); Cienciala, 230,000-240,000 (
Crime
, 26). The Soviets also kept about fifteen thousand people for hard labor in the mines and in road-building, of whom some two thousand died in 1941 during evacuations; see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 180.

16
For examples of people moving from prison to power, taken from multiple regions, see HI 209/1/10420, HI 209/6/5157, HI 209/11/4217, HI 210/14/10544, HI 210/14/4527, HI 210/14/2526, HI 209/13/2935, and HI 210/12/1467. The instances of violence given here are in Gross,
Revolution
, 37, 44. For details on similar incidents, see HI 209/13/2935, HI 209/13/3124, HI 210/1/4372, HI 210/5/4040, HI 210/14/4908, and HI 209/7/799.

17
On the typical sentence, see Jasiewicz,
Zagłada
, 172. On the 109,400 people arrested and the 8,513 people sentenced to death, see Hryciuk, 182. On the disproportion between arrest and imprisonment numbers, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 236; and Głowacki,
Sowieci
, 292.

18
On the sixty-one thousand Polish citizens, see Rossino,
Hitler
, 15, also 30; “destroy Poland” is at 77. See also, generally, Ingrao, “Violence,” 219-220. On Heydrich and Hitler, see Mallman,
Einsatzgruppen
, 57; and Mańkowski, “Ausserordentliche,” 7. On the doctorates, see Browning,
Origins
, 16.

19
On Katowice, see Rossino,
Hitler
, 78. On the absence of good records, see Mallman,
Einsatzgruppen
, 80.

20
The Einsatzgruppe z. b. V had the assignment of expelling Jews. See Rossino,
Hitler
, 90, 94, 98; the figure of twenty-two thousand is at 101. On Przemyśl, see Böhler,
Überfall
, 202-203. See also Pohl,
Herrschaft
, 52.

21
On Hitler, see Rutherford,
Prelude
, 53. On Frank, see Seidel,
Besatzungspolitik
, 184 (including quotation). On Frank as Hitler’s former lawyer, see Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
, 74.

22
Wnuk,
Za pierwszego Sowieta
, 13-23. The locus classicus is Gross,
Revolution.

23
Wnuk,
Za pierwszego Sowieta
, 23; Hryciuk, “Victims,” 199.

24
On the 139,794 people taken from their homes, see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 184. Głowacki records temperatures of minus 42 Celsius, which is minus 43 Fahrenheit; see
Sowieci
, 328. See also Jolluck,
Exile
, 16.

25
On “hell” and the adult dead, see Wróbel,
Polskie dzieci
, 156, 178. See also Gross,
Revolution
, 214-218. For “their dreams and their wishes,” see Gross,
Children’s Eyes
, 78.

26
Jolluck,
Exile
, 41.

27
There were 10,864 dead among deportees in special settlements by 1 July 1941; see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 279. On “the natives,” see
Dark Side
, 143. On the boots and swelling, see Gross,
Children’s Eyes
, 63, 88.

28
On the skeletons, “what was in his heart,” and the white eagle emblem, see Gross,
Children’s Eyes
, 191, 202, 78 (also 71, 194).

29
Pankowicz, “Akcja,” 43; Burleigh,
Germany Turns Eastwards
, 275.

30
Quotation: Shore,
Information
, 15. See also Rutherford,
Prelude
, 56.

31
Rutherford,
Prelude
, 59, 75.

32
On the numbers cited, see Rutherfold,
Prelude
, 59; Grynberg,
Relacje
, xii; and Hilberg,
Destruction
(vol. I), 156, 189.

33
For the deportation numbers, see Rutherford,
Prelude
, 1, also 75, 88. On Owińska, see Kershaw,
Hitler
, 535; and Evans,
Third Reich at War
, 75-76. On the murder of 7,700 Polish citizens found in mental institutions, see Browning,
Origins
, 189. See also Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
, 85.

34
Quotation: Urbański,
Zagłada
, 32. On Łowicz, see Grynberg,
Relacje
, 239-240.

35
Rutherford,
Prelude
, 9, quotations at 88 and 102.

36
For general descriptions of the three camps, see Cienciala,
Crime
, 29-33; also Abramov,
Murder
, 46, 83, 101; and Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 113-114. On the Christmas Day observances, see Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 156-157.

37
Cienciala,
Crime
, 33. On the outlines and skeletons, see Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 16, 31; and Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 115-117. For the ravens, see Berling,
Wspomnienia
, 34.

38
Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 18; Swianiewicz,
Shadow
, 58; Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 205-209; Cienciala,
Crime
, 33-35, 84-99, and for her estimate of the total number of informers (about one hundred), 159.

39
Jakubowicz:
Pamiętniki znalezione
, 30, 38, 43, 53. On the return addresses, see Swianiewicz,
Shadow
, 65.

40
On the dogs befriended by prisoners, see Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 256-257; Abramov,
Murderers
, 86, 102; and Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 43. On the veterinarian who looked after them, see Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 84, 256.

41
On the Polish underground, see Wnuk,
Za pierwszego Sowieta
, 368-371. On the decision to execute the prisoners, see Cienciala,
Crime
, 116-120, quotations at 118. See also Jasiewicz,
Zagłada
, 129.

42
Jasiewicz,
Zagłada
, 131, 144-145, 159. These 7,305 people were apparently shot at Bykivnia and Kuropaty, major killing sites of the Great Terror; see Kalbarczyk, “Przedmioty,” 47-53.

43
Swianiewicz,
Shadow
, 75; Cienciala,
Crime
, 122, 129-130, 175, quotation at 130. For additional passages from Adam Solski’s diary, see
Zagłada polskich elit
, 37.

44
Cienciala,
Crime
, 124;
Zagłada polskich elit
, 43.

45
Cienciala,
Crime
, 124;
Zagłada polskich elit
, 43. On Blokhin, see Braithwaite,
Moscow
, 45.

46
Cienciala,
Crime
, 126-128;
Zagłada polskich elit
, 39.

47
Cienciala,
Crime
, 122-123; Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 7, 8, 15, 17, 18, 45.

48
Abramov,
Murderers
, 46; Swianiewicz,
Shadow
, 63, 66.

49
Cienciala,
Crime
, 34; Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 18; Swianiewicz,
Shadow
, 64; Młynarski,
W niewoli
, 225. For an informer on the system, see Berling,
Wspomnienia
, 32.

50
Quotation: Swianiewicz,
Shadow
, 69.

51
This is the sum of the execution figures given in Cienciala,
Crime
, passim.

52
Cienciala,
Crime
, 118, 173-174, 198-199, quotation about fathers at 198. On the 60,667 people sent to special settlements in Kazakhstan, see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 187. On the “former people,” see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 282. See also Goussef, “Les déplacements,” 188. For wives being told they would be joining their husbands, see Jolluck,
Exile
, 16. For the “eternal mud and snow,” see Gross,
Children’s Eyes
, 79.

53
On the dung and the NKVD office, see Jolluck,
Exile
, 40, 122-123. On the economist, see Czapski,
Wspomnienia
, 27.

54
Of the 78,339 people deported, about eighty-four percent were Jewish; see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 189.

55
Gross,
Children’s Eyes
, 221.

56
See Snyder,
Reconstruction.

57
Krebs, “Japan,” 545, 548; Levine,
Sugihara
, 132, 218, 262, 273; Sakamoto,
Japanese Diplomats
, 102, 107, 113-114.

58
For the numbers cited, see Polian,
Against Their Will
, 123. See also Weinberg,
World at Arms
, 167-169; and Kuromiya,
Między Warszawą a Tokio
, 470-485.

59
This figure—408, 525 deportations—is the sum of the major actions. Rutherford estimates 500,000 total; see
Prelude
, 7.

60
On Eichmann and the January 1940 proposal, see Polian, “Schriftwechsel,” 3, 7, 19.

61
On the origins of Łódź’s ghetto, see Grynberg,
Życie
, 430. Unrivalled in its description of the Warsaw ghetto is Engelking,
Getto warszawskie
, in English translation as
The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City.
On Schön, see T. B., “Organizator,” 85-90. On German intentions and on population movements, see Browning,
Origins
, 100-124.

62
Drozdowski, “Fischer,” 189-190. See also Engelking,
Getto warszawskie
, chap. 2. Ringelblum is cited in Friedländer,
Extermination
, 160; on tourists, see also Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
, 95.