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NOTES

CHAPTER 1: THE SOVIET FAMINES

1
Quotation: Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 161.

2
On the journalist Gareth Jones, see Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 224-238; Jones, “Will there be soup?”; Conquest,
Harvest
, 309; and Dalrymple, “Further References,” 473. On Kharkiv, see Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 140, 172-175, 288; Kovalenko,
Holod
, 557; and Werth,
Terreur
, 130. The image is Vasily Grossman’s.

3
Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 284-285, 288, 298-300.

4
Quotations: Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 299, see also 297-301; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 157, 160. On the schoolgirl and the hospitals, see Davies,
Years
, 160, 220. See also Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 171, 184. On the use of survivor testimony, see Graziosi,
War
, 4.

5
Quotation: Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 233. On Dnipropetrovsk: Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, 111. On Stalino, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 211.

6
On fainting from weakness, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 61; see also Siriol Colley,
More Than a Grain
, 235. On Khartsyszk, see Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 170. On Grossman, see Todorov,
Mémoire du mal
, 61. See also Koestler,
Yogi
, 137.

7
Quotation: Serbyn, “Ukrainian Famine,” 131; see also Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
, 289.

8
For a sophisticated guide to the meanings of the Plan, see Harrison,
Soviet Planning
, 1-5.

9
Quotations: Kuromiya,
Stalin
, 85; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 37.

10
Quotation and poster: Viola,
War
, 177; Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 32.

11
Quotations: Viola,
War
, 238; Conquest,
Harvest
, 121. For details on the shootings and deportations, see Davies,
Years
, 20, 46; Werth,
Terreur
, 463; Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 6, 32; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 51, 56; Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 11; Graziosi,
War
, 48; and Davies,
Years
, 46.

12
On the 113,637 people forcibly transported, see Viola,
War
, 289; see also Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 158. For details on some of the arrivals, see Kotkin, “Peopling,” 70-72.

13
For the lament, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 259. On Solovki, see Applebaum,
Gulag
, 18-20, 49. On the special settlements, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
(the numbers of Ukrainian peasants deported are given at 195 and 32).

14
Quotation: Applebaum,
Gulag
, 48. For the death estimates, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 3; and Applebaum,
Gulag
, 583. For the characterization of the Gulag, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 1-10; Applebaum,
Gulag
, xvi-xvii; and Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 2-7.

15
Quotations: Siegelbaum,
Stalinism
, 45 (first two); Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 53. On Belomor, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 24-35; and Applebaum,
Gulag
, 62-65.

16
Applebaum,
Gulag
, 64-65.

17
Quotation: Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 35. See also, generally, Viola,
Best Sons
. On the pace of collectivization, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 39.

18
On the percentage of arable land, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 40.

19
Quotation: Snyder,
Sketches
, 93. For background on the struggle of peasants in Ukraine for land, see Beauvois,
Bataille
; Edelman,
Proletarian Peasants
; Hildermeier,
Sozialrevolutionäre Partei
; Kingston-Mann,
Lenin
; and Lih,
Bread and Authority.

20
Quotation: Dzwońkowski,
Głód
, 84. For the Stalinist “First Commandment,” see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 170. See also Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 70.

21
On livestock and on feminine rebellions, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 66, 72; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 158.

22
Graziosi,
War
, 53-57; Viola,
War
, 320; Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 131; Snyder,
Sketches
, 92-94.