Bolivar: American Liberator (112 page)

and scheme to impose monarchy in Colombia,
415
–16

Thorne and,
340
–41,
359

Sáenz de Vergara, Simón,
289
–90

St. Vincent earthquake (1812),
110

Salas, Tito,
494

Salom, Bartolomé,
306

Salomón, Colonel,
153

Sámano, Juan José de,
2
,
235
,
237
–38,
240
–41

sambo,
12

San Antonio, Venezuela,
138

San Carlos, Venezuela,
263

Sánchez Carrión, José,
339
–40,
532

San Cristóbal, Venezuela,
141

San Felipe, Fort,
109
,
112
,
114

San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela,
207
,
210
,
211
,
219
,
225
,
254
,
503
,
504

San Ildefonso
[ship],
38
–41,
43
,
48

San Juan de Payara, Venezuela,
207
,
209
,
221

San Lorenzo, Battle of (1813),
273
,
275

San Martín, José de,
93
,
166
,
171
,
262
,
280
,
310
,
312
,
325
,
343
,
413
,
460
,
517
,
523
,
536

Andes crossing of,
274
,
275

animosity between SB and,
303

character of,
272
,
275

Chilean campaign of,
204

family background of,
272
,
514

in Guayaquil,
295
–96,
521

illnesses of,
275

in liberation of Argentina,
273

in liberation of Chile,
273
–76

in liberation of Peru,
271
–72,
290
,
304
–5,
318
,
358

in move to Europe,
304

opium addiction of,
275
,
294
,
301
,
304
,
515

Peruvian campaign of,
276

Peruvian difficulties of,
294
–95

Peruvian monarchy planned by,
277
,
294
,
299
–300,
516
,
520

Peruvian strategy of,
298
–99

as Protector of Peru,
286
,
516

resignation of,
301
,
303
–4

SB’s congratulatory letter to,
277
–78

SB’s Guayaquil dispute with,
286
,
291
–92,
298

SB’s meetings with,
294
,
296
–97

slaves freed by,
274

Sucre’s reinforcement of,
285

San Mateo, Venezuela, Bolívar estate in,
15
,
23
,
24
,
49
,
112
,
159
,
270

San Pedro Alejandrino,
452

Santa Cruz, Andrés de,
286
,
298
,
305
,
313
,
315
,
325
,
365
,
390
,
411
,
456
,
517

as president of Peru,
358
,
373

Santa Marta, Colombia,
132
,
133
,
136
,
168
–69,
450

SB’s funeral in,
456

Santana, Juan José,
322

Santander, Francisco de Paula,
138
,
139
,
204
,
212
,
229
,
230
,
232
,
233
,
234
,
239
–40,
247
,
249
,
250
,
252
,
269
,
270
,
278
,
279
,
280
–81,
284
,
308
,
319
,
320
,
328
,
329
,
373
,
392
,
409
,
446
,
457
,
459
,
548
,
555

and attempted assassination of SB,
398
,
403
–4,
407
–8

banishment of,
404
,
408
,
421
–22,
423

on Colombian economic and political problems,
348

Congress of Panama and,
353

execution of Barreiro ordered by,
241
–43

at Great Constitutional Convention,
388
–93

imprisonment of,
422

as jealous of SB,
330

mock execution of,
395

as New Granada vice president,
241
,
247
,
253

Páez’s antipathy toward,
347
,
349
,
363
,
366
,
422
,
424
,
449

as president of Colombia,
456
,
552

on SB’s Bolivian constitution,
351
–52

SB’s break with,
371
,
377
,
380
,
394

SB’s dictatorial powers rescinded by,
374

and SB’s return to Colombia,
364

SB’s reunion with,
365
,
366

and 3rd Division mutiny,
372
–73,
540
,
541

Santa Fe de Bogotá,
see
Bogotá, Colombia

Santiago, Chile,
274
,
275

Santo Domingo,
9
,
113

slave revolt in,
30
–31

see also
Haiti

Sanz, José Miguel,
37

as SB’s guardian,
22
–23

Sapphire,
HMS,
95
,
120
,
121
,
122

Sata y Bussy, José de,
117

Scott, Alexander,
123

Second National Congress, Venezuelan,
215
,
221
–25,
245
,
246

SB and,
269
–70

Seville, Spain,
79
,
82
,
83

Shannon,
HMS,
439

silver, in Peru,
323

slaves, slavery,
10
–12,
471

blacks as,
11
,
12
,
27
,
28
,
30

1812 Venezuelan insurrection of,
113

1813 insurrection of,
151

Indians as,
10
–11,
323

in Peru,
310
–11,
323

San Martín’s freeing of,
274

SB’s abolition of,
350
,
351

SB’s freeing of,
186
,
200
,
224
,
249
,
270
,
457

in U.S.,
72
,
259

Smith, Adam,
20

Smith, William Stephens,
69
,
70
,
73

Smith, William Steuben,
70

Socha, Colombia,
232

Sojo, Padre,
40

Solanda, Mariana Carcelén Larréa, Marquesa de,
352
,
551

Soublette, Carlos,
120
–22,
167
,
173
,
179
,
180
,
184
,
186
,
195
,
198
,
229
,
244
,
247
,
375
,
377
,
425
,
500

Soublette, Isabel,
167
,
180
,
214
,
496
,
500

Soublette, Soledad,
496

South America:

parochialism and xenophobia in,
409

post-liberation discord in,
419

post-liberation economic and social problems in,
409
–10

racism in,
463

SB’s Bolivian constitution as model for,
351

SB’s goal of unity for,
4
,
5
,
204
–5,
240
,
246
,
271
,
301
,
314
,
331
–32,
338
,
353
–55,
409

Spanish eviction from,
335
–36,
338

South American revolutions, human cost of,
409

Spain:

absolutism of,
26
–27

in armistice with Greater Colombia,
254
,
261

Central Junta of,
79
,
80
–81,
82
,
83
–84

1812 constitution of,
see
Constitution of Cádiz (1812)

financial decline of,
41
–42

misguided fiscal policy of,
25
–26

modernization rejected by,
26

Napoleon’s invasion of,
92

Napoleon’s loss of,
272

Regency in,
84
,
88
,
89
,
95
,
100
,
102
,
113

Royal Order against republicans issued by,
140
,
143

SB in peace negotiations with,
261
–62

SB’s first trip to,
38
–41

in war with England,
41
–42,
43

Spanish America:

British blockade of,
79
,
111

class in,
86

desire for independence in,
64
,
92
,
106

education discouraged in,
106

entrepreneurship suppressed in,
27

independence declared in,
86

Inquisition in,
27

Jesuits expelled from,
26

lack of support for independence among blacks and Indians in,
83

manufacturing banned in,
27

mixed-race population of,
166

post-liberation discord in,
346
–47

race in,
86
,
223
–24

race rebellions in,
29
–30

racial hierarchy of,
10
–13,
28
–29

Spain’s absolute control of,
26
–27

U.S. policy in,
74

Spirit of the Laws
(Montesquieu),
20
,
387

Staël, Mme de,
54
,
63

Sucre, Antonio José de,
173
,
202
,
252
,
254
–55,
262
,
278
,
279
,
280
,
283
,
285
,
288
,
305
,
306
,
308
,
311
,
313
,
319
,
320
,
321
,
325
,
328
–29,
332
,
338
,
348
,
349
,
351
,
358
,
365
,
372
,
376
,
390
,
400
,
404
,
407
,
417
,
422
,
436
,
445
,
511
,
517
,
552

assassination of,
440
,
560

at Battle of Ayacucho,
333
–36

at 1830 constitutional convention,
429
–30

elected president of Bolivia,
352

Quito captured by,
286
–87

San Martín’s reinforcement of,
285

as SB’s choice to lead Ecuador,
410
–11

and SB’s departure from Bogotá,
437
–38

SB’s political disagreements with,
345

SB’s reunion with,
344
–45

Upper Peruvian campaign of,
342
,
344
–45

Supreme Junta of Caracas,
87

black and pardo mistrust of,
95

factions in,
95

loyalty to Ferdinand VII proffered by,
86
,
89
–90,
95

Miranda and,
96
–97

Sutherland, Robert,
178
,
190

Taíno,
10
,
11

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de,
78

Tambora, Mount, eruption of,
181
,
498

Tancrède
(Voltaire),
30

Tarqui, Battle of (1829),
413
,
552

Tejada, Luis Vargas,
397
,
399

Tenerife, SB’s capture of,
132

Thorne, James,
290
,
340
–41,
359
,
457

Times
(London),
217

Titicaca, Lake,
344
–45,
346

Tolima volcano,
382

Torices, Manuel Rodríguez,
129
,
133
,
136
,
137
,
138
–39,
183
,
489

execution of,
237

Toro, Bernardo Rodríguez del,
47
,
52

Toro, Fernando del,
47
,
52
–53,
61
–63,
65
–66,
82
,
84
,
113
,
270
,
340
,
485

Toro, Francisco, Marquis del,
48
,
62
,
71
,
80
,
81
,
82
,
99
–100,
104
,
113