Caligula: A Biography (27 page)

For the Praetorian Guard, Germanic bodyguards, and the people of Rome, compare the reports on the reaction to Caligula’s assassination:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.30.2, 59.30.1b; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.115, 19.121–22, 19.158–59.
On conflicts with the plebs:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.24–26; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 26.5.
L. Vitellius:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
¹
, V 500; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.27.5–6.
A. Vitellius:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
¹
, V 499; Suetonius,
Vitellius
, 4, 17.2.
Q. Pomponius Secundus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, P 757; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.29.5.
Cn. Sentius Saturninus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
¹
, S 296; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.185.
C. Sallustius Crispus Passienus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, P 146; Suetonius,
Vita Passieni Crispi
.
Valerius Asiaticus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
¹
, V 25; Seneca,
On the Firmness of the Wise Man
(
De Constantia Sapientis
), 18.2.
Marcus Vinicius:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
¹
, V 445; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.102.
Annius Vinicianus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, A 701; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.96–98.
Paullus Arruntius:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, A 1135; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.102.
On mutual mistrust:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.51–52.
On Caligula’s inner circle:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.25.7.

On Caligula’s plans regarding Alexandria:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 173, 250, 338; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.81; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 49.2; cf. 8.5.
On Julius Caesar:
Suetonius,
Julius Caesar
, 79.3.
Marcus Antonius:
Dio,
Roman History
, 50.4.1.
Nero:
Plutarch,
Galba
, 2.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 63.27.2.
On Caligula’s conflict with members of his inner circle:
Cassius Dio’s quotation,
Roman History
59.25.8, is a combination of excerpts from Zonaras and the
Excerpta Vaticana
.
Date of planned departure for Alexandria:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.81; cf. Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 58.1.

On secret treachery:
Tacitus,
Histories
, 3.68.1.
Core members of the conspiracy:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.46–48; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 56.1, 58.2; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.29.1, 59.29.5–6.
Aemilius Regulus, Annius Vinicianus:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.17–18.
Valerius Asiaticus:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 11.1.2; cf. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.159; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.30.2.
On the emperor’s retinue shortly before the assassination:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.101–2.
Callistus and Claudius:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.64–69.
The new Praetorian prefect Rufrius Pollio
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, R 173): Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.267.
The death of the assassins:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.268–73; Suetonius,
Claudius
, 11.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 60.3.4–5.
The execution of Protogenes and Helicon:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.4.5; Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 206.
Consultation about the new empress in the year 48:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 12.1–2.
On the assassination itself:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 56.2, 58; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.29.6–7; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.99–114; Seneca,
On the Firmness of the Wise Man
(
De Constantia Sapientis
), 18.3.
The deaths of Caesonia and Drusilla:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.198–200 (where their deaths are not shown as immediately following the assassination); Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 59; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.29.7.
On the situation in the theater after the murder:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.127–57; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.30.1b.
On the session in the Senate:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.166–89, 19.248–62; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 60, and
Claudius
, 10.3, 11.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.30.3, 60.1–2.
Aspirants to the throne:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.251–52; Dio,
Roman History
, 60.15.1.
The people in the Forum:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.158–59.
Claudius’s elevation to the throne:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.162–65, 19.212–26, 19.247; Suetonius,
Claudius
, 10; Dio,
Roman History
, 60.1.3–3a.
Caligula’s burial:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.237; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 59.

On Caligula’s “madness”:
Seneca,
On Anger
(
De Ira
), 1.20.9, 3.21.5, 3.19.3; Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 76, 93; Pliny,
Natural History
, 36.113; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.277, 19.1, 19.4–5, 19.11, 19.193.
Positive assessments:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 263; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.208.
Tacitus on Caligula:
Agricola
, 13.2;
Annals
, 6.20.1, 6.45.3, 11.3.2, 15.72.2;
Histories
, 4.42.5, 4.48.1.
The “madness” of other emperors:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.1.2; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.259; Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.46.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 63.27.2.
Suetonius on Caligula’s mental illness:
Gaius Caligula
, 50.2–3, 51.1; cf. Dio,
Roman History
, 59.26.5.
Suetonius’s
Life of Gaius Caligula
in the reign of Commodus:
Scriptores Historiae Augustae: Commodus
,
On imperial rule in late antiquity:
Kolb,
Herrscherideologie
.
On measures taken by Claudius:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.246; Suetonius,
Claudius
, 11; Dio,
Roman History
, 60.3.5, 60.4.1 and 5, 60.5.1 and 4, 60.22.3.
The conspiracy of Vinicianus and Camillus:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.15–16; Suetonius,
Claudius
, 13.2.
Security measures:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.3.3.
Poisoning of Claudius:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 12.66–67; Dio,
Roman History
, 61(60).34.
On Seneca:
Seneca,
On Consolation
(
Ad Polybium de Consolatione
), 13.2; cf.
Apocolocyntosis
, passim.

Celsus.
De Medicina
. Vol. 1. Translated by W. G. Spencer. Cambridge, Mass., 1935.

Dio, Cassius.
Roman History
. Vol. 7. Translated by Earnest Cary. Cambridge, Mass., 1955.

Frontinus, Sextus Julius.
The Aqueducts of Rome
. In
Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome
, translated by Charles E. Bennett. Cambridge, Mass., 1950.

Josephus, Flavius.
Jewish Antiquities
. Vol. 9. Translated by Louis H. Feldman. Cambridge, Mass., 1965.

Philo of Alexandria.
The Embassy to Gaius
. In vol. 10 of
Philo: Works
, translated by F. H. Colson. Cambridge, Mass., 1962.

Pliny the Elder.
Natural History
. Vol. 10. Translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, Mass., 1962.

Scriptores Historiae Augustae
. 3 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1967–68.

Seneca.
Apocolocyntosis
. In
Petronius and Seneca
, Loeb Classical Library 15, translated by W. H. D. Rouse, 370–407. Cambridge, Mass., 1975.

———.
De Beneficiis
. In
Moral Essays
, vol. 3, translated by John W. Basore. Cambridge, Mass., 1989.

———.
De Brevitate Vitae
. In
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, vol. 2, translated by John W. Basore, 286–355. Cambridge, Mass., 1932.

———.
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. In
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, vol. 2, translated by John W. Basore, 416–89. Cambridge, Mass., 1932.

———.
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. In
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, vol. 2, translated by John W. Basore, 356–415. Cambridge, Mass., 1932.

———.
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. In
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, vol. 1, translated by John W. Basore, 48–105. Cambridge, Mass., 1951.

———.
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. In
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, vol. 1, translated by John W. Basore. Cambridge, Mass., 1951.

———.
De Tranquillitate Animi
. In
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, vol. 2, translated by John W. Basore, 202–85. Cambridge, Mass., 1932.

———.
Epistulae Morales
. 3 vols. Translated by Richard M. Gummere. Cambridge, Mass., 1917–25.

Suetonius.
Lives of the Caesars
. In
Suetonius
. 2 vols. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Cambridge, Mass., 1997–98.

———.
Vita Passieni Crispi
. In
Suetonius
, vol. 2, translated by J. C. Rolfe, 482–83. Cambridge, Mass., 1997–98.

Tacitus.
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. In
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, vol. 1, translated by John Jackson. Cambridge, Mass., 1980.

———.
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. In
Tacitus
, vols. 3–5, translated by John Jackson. Cambridge, Mass., 1970–81.

———.
Germania
. In
Tacitus
, vol. 1, translated by John Jackson. Cambridge, Mass., 1980.

———.
The Histories
. In
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, vols. 2 and 3, translated by John Jackson. Cambridge, Mass., 1970–81.

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Caligula; ou, Le pouvoir à vingt ans
. Paris, 1984.

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. London, 1990.

———.
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. London, 1989.

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. Berlin, 1989.

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. London, 1987.

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Kolb, Frank.
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. Berlin, 2001.

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. Oxford, 1997.

Levick, Barbara.
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. London, 1990.

———.
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