China 1945: Mao's Revolution and America's Fateful Choice (73 page)

“grossly exaggerated”:
Yu, p. 222.

“I consider the Fuping incident”:
NARA, Minutes.

“All communist headquarters”:
Yu, pp. 222–23.

Friday Dinner Gathering:
Yang Jianye,
Ma Yingchu
(Shijiazhuang: Huashan Wenyi Shuban She [Huashan Arts and Literature Publishing House], 1997), p. 87; Deng Jiarong,
Ma Yinchu Zhuang
[The Biography of Ma Yinchu] (Shanghai: Wenyi Chuban She [Arts and Literature Publishing House], 1986), p. 98.

“cruel and rapacious”:
Peng Hua,
A Biography of Ma Yinchu
(Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo Chuban She [Contemporary China Publishing House], 2008), p. 52.

“The world has already become”:
Ma Yinchu,
Complete Works,
vol. 12 (Hangzhou: Zhejiang Renmin Chuban She [Zhejiang People’s Publishing House], 1999), p. 263.

“The ‘Vacuum Tube’ ”:
Peng, pp. 52–53.

“trembling with fear”:
Supplement to the Collected Works of Ma Yinchu
(Shanghai: Sanlian Shudian Press, 2007), p. 328.

there were ferocious quarrels:
Jonathan Spence,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution,
1859–1980 (New York: Viking Press, 1981), pp. 256–60.

like Qu Qiubai and Hu Yepin:
Ibid., pp. 207–36.

“China is now divided”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 472.

“Yenan boiled over”:
Shi Zhe,
Feng yu Gu: Shi Zhe hui-yi-lu
[Peaks and Valleys: The Memoirs of Shi Zhe] (Beijing: Hungxi Publishing Co, 1992), p. 17.

“In mid to late August”:
Chu Anping,
Keguan
[Objectivity], Nov. 11, 1945 in
Chu Anping Wenyi
[Collected Essays of Chu Anping] (Shanghai: Dongfang Chuban Zhungxin [Eastern Publishing Center], 1998), pp. 3–8.

“Most of the people”:
Lu Ling,
Qiu Ai
[Night of the Chinese Victory] (Haiyan Bookstore, 1946), pp. 194–202.

At the waterfront:
White,
In Search,
pp. 235–36.

“all of China went crazy”:
Xia Yan,
Xia Yan Zejuan
[Autobiography of Xia Yan] (Nanjing: Jiangsu Wenyi Chuban She [Jiangsu Literature and Arts Publishing House], 1996), p. 172.

“I am very optimistic”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.

a rickshaw race:
John Hart Caughey,
The Marshall Mission to China,
1945–1947 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 53.

“I alone feel great shame”:
Taylor, p. 320.

“plunge China into chaos”:
Ibid.

“I was excited for a while”:
Hu Feng,
Hu Feng Zizhuan
[Autobiography of Hu Feng] (Nanjing: Jiangsu Wenyi Shuban She [Jiangsu Literature and Arts Publishing House], 1993), pp. 343–44.

“occupied for a second time”:
Keguan,
Nov. 11, 1945.

The KMT was corrupt:
Ibid.

“The waiting area”:
Da Gong Bao,
Dec. 22–25, 1945.

“barely a human trace”:
Ibid.

“Shanghai was bulging”:
Lattimore, p. 206.

“a raw, unheated city”:
Rand, p. 275.

“This place called Shanghai”:
Caughey, p. 53.

“the least bit of attention”:
Ibid., p. 61.

“squeeze”:
Ibid., p. 207.

“a lot of robberies”:
Da Gong Bao,
Dec. 24, 1945.

“Such a spirit of daring”:
Ibid.

Soviet invasion of Manchuria:
David M. Glantz,
Soviet Operational and Tactical Combat in Manchuria
, 1945,
“August Storm”
(Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003), pp. 1–2 and passim.

“three days of open looting”:
Survey of the Mukden Area Situation as It Has Developed from
16
August
1945
to
10
September
1945,
”
NARA, RG 226 (Records of the OSS), Entry 148, Box 6.

“ ‘not being normal in their minds’ ”:
Ibid.

“domination of the provinces”:
Lisle Abbott Rose,
Dubious Victory: The United States and the End of World War II
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1973), p. 132.

“The Kremlin will be careful”:
Davies,
Dragon,
pp. 406–407.

“discrediting the Chungking government”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 348.

“Without the support of the Soviet”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 433.

“One should keep Japan”:
Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,
Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War
(Stanford, CA: Sanford University Press, 1993), p. 3.

the result might be massive:
Ibid., p. 5.

“Russia has pledged”:
Lohbeck, p. 405.

“This kicked the props”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.

“without hope of future help”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.

“minimized”:
New York Times,
Oct. 14, 1945.

“because Stalin insisted”:
Pantsov and Levine, p. 346.

foment a pro-Communist uprising:
Goncharov et al., pp. 8–9.

as a tactical move:
Sheng, p. 102.

“very distressed and even angry”:
Shi Zhe, p. 215.

Mao argued in an interview:
Mao,
Collected Works,
vol. 4.

“the talks would buy time”:
Goncharov et al., p. 7.

“beyond any measurement”:
Sheng, p. 100.

“ ‘bourgeois influence’ ”:
Mao, “The Situation and our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan,” Aug. 13, 1945, in
Collected Works
, online at
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_01.html
.

“it should not be surprising”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 325.

“unanimous demand”:
Sheng, pp. 98–99.

“going to his own execution”:
Time,
Sept. 10, 1945.

“weird, loud scream”:
Shi Zhe, p. 21.

“Olive oil! olive oil!”:
Time,
Sept. 10, 1945.

“the cordial atmosphere”:
Time,
Sept. 10, 1945.

“well-informed observers”:
Ibid.

“ten thousand years”:
Taylor, p. 319.

“I am confident”:
Time,
Oct. 8, 1945.

“back of its hand”:
Time,
Sept. 24, 1945.

“We must stop”:
Taylor, p. 321.

“touched the Chairman’s heart”:
Ibid.

The two sides promised:
Ibid., p. 319.

he has been justly criticized:
Feis, p. 361.

“only words on paper”:
Mao, “On the Chungking Negotiations,”
Collected Works,
vol. 4, online.

“vast lost areas”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 519–20.

“have the right to enter”:
Feis, pp. 340–41.

“It is debatable”:
Davies,
Dragon,
p. 406.

“to render to China”:
Feis, p. 346.

“The Eighth Route Army”:
Vladimirov, p. 26.

“Like everywhere in the Special Area”:
Ibid., p. 40.

“outmaneuver Stalin”:
Schaller, p. 256.

“think of the kids”:
David McCullough,
Truman
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 424.

“not a drop of gentleness”:
Melby, p. 26.

“There is no such thing”:
Schaller, p. 214.

Zhu De was already ordering:
Taylor, p. 315.

Mao dispatched nine regiments:
Goncharov et al., p. 9.

the Soviets took 925 airplanes:
Taylor, p. 318.

“They are Red Army”:
Sheng, p. 106, citing Zhu Yuanshi, “Liu Shaoqi yu Kangzhan Jiesu Hou zhengduo Donbei di Zheng Dou” [Liu Shaoqi and the Struggle for Power in the Northeast After the End of the War of Resistance],
Jindaishi yanjiu
[Modern History], no. 5 (1988): pp. 124–45.

“The Soviet Union doesn’t”:
Yang Kuisong,
Mao Zedong,
p. 223.

“The Soviets not only”:
Ibid.

“They gave high praise”:
Zeng Kelin, “Dadi Chongguang: Youguan Dongbei Jingun Huiyi,” [Recover the Land: Recollections of Marching into the Northeast]
Renwu
[Figures] 184, no. 5 (1984): 77–78.

the Soviet emissary’s plane:
Ivan D. Yeaton,
Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton
(Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1976), p. 116.

the emissary made a public statement:
Sheng, pp. 106–107.

“We want to bore our way in”:
Taylor, p. 317.

number of Chinese Communist troops:
Goncharov et al., pp. 10–11.

“There is a possibility”:
New York Times,
Oct. 30, 1945.

told him that Chinese Communist troops:
Yang Kuisong,
Mao Zedong,
p. 228.

“caught with our pants down”:
Yu, p. 231.

nearly two thousand agents:
Ibid., p. 226.

dropped into territories:
Yu, p. 232.

a nearby POW camp:
Ibid., pp. 232–33.

deaths of thousands of American troops:
OSS Records, NARA, RG226, Entry 148, Box 7.

“suddenly and unannounced”:
OSS “Survey of the Mukden Area,” NARA, Entry 148, Box 6, Folder 87.

Cardinal observed the Eighth Routers:
Ibid.

“a stabbing of a B-24 tire”:
Ibid.

“without a fight?”:
Ibid.

“support for Chinese reactionaries”:
Schaller, p. 266.

“quite capable”:
Benis M. Frank and Henry I. Shaw,
The History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II,
vol. 5,
Victory and Occupation
(Washington, DC: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968), pp. 547–48.

a convoy of nearly twenty-five thousand:
Henri I. Shaw,
The United States Marines in North China,
1945–1949 (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968), p. 1.

“the largest troop movement”:
Schaller, p. 265.

the marines took over Qingdao:
Shaw, pp. 3–4.

“he might have been impeached”:
McCullough, p. 474.

“the plan should be abandoned”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 570–71.

“military necessity”:
Shaw, p. 10.

“the ports in question”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 571.

“to support undemocratic institutions”:
Ibid., pp. 559–62. Feis, pp. 371–73.

“outstanding intelligence officers”:
Yu, p. 235.

“lean, hearty, enthusiastic”:
Paul Fillmann and Graham Peck,
China: The Remembered Life
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), p. 186.

Birch was ordered to go:
W. J. Miller, “Account of the Death of Captain John Birch,” OSS Headquarters, Central Command, Sept. 14, 1945, NARA retained file. Yu, pp. 235–41.

another American OSS team:
Yu, p. 241.

the CCP needed industry:
Steven I. Levine,
Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), p. 26.

“a solid foundation”:
Goncharov et al., p. 9.

“No matter what”:
Sheng, p. 116.

“formally inform them”:
Ibid.

Communist troops opened fire:
Shaw, p. 2.

of all the Japanese forces:
New York Times,
Oct. 8, 1945.

sent a message to Wedemeyer:
Feis, p. 365. Sheng, pp. 116–17.

“with many sacrifices”:
Ronald H. Spector,
The Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia
(New York: Random House, 2007), p. 54.

“an interference”:
Frank and Shaw, p. 559.

“The decision regarding Chefoo”:
New York Times,
Oct. 9, 1945.

“comic opera”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 646.

“every mile of track”:
Shaw, p. 8.

“the rest of the traitor army”:
Ibid., p. 6.

“an island in a Communist sea”:
Ibid., p. 7.

on a train near Guye:
Ibid., p. 9.

“a true son”:
Time,
May 30, 1960.

searched the KMT offices:
Donald G. Gillin and Ramon H. Myers, eds.,
Last Chance in Manchuria: The Diary of Chang Kia-Ngau
(Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1989), pp. 88–89.

“filled with Soviet officers”:
Ibid., p. 72.

“On the same day”:
Ibid., p. 73.

“this issue can be negotiated”:
Ibid., p. 75.

“a sitting duck”:
Ibid., p. 76.

Chinese Communist troops were in control:
Feis, pp. 384–85.

“It is very clear”:
Gillen and Myers, p. 104.

American actions to exclude the Soviets:
Feis, pp. 390–95.

“these professors are distressed”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 476–79.

Among its resolutions:
Taylor, pp. 305–306.

plans for an airlift were dropped:
Ibid., p. 324.

“extreme antipathy”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 578–79.

“not an extremist”:
Nancy Bernkopf Tucker,
China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations,
1945–1996 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 91.