China 1945: Mao's Revolution and America's Fateful Choice (71 page)

“air raids, troop movements”:
Ibid., p. 25.

“close collaboration”:
Stephen R. MacKinnon,
Wuhan,
1938:
War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 104.

More than a few other young Americans:
Steven R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen,
China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the
1930
s and
1940
s
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 37–47.

“a thrilling description”:
Nathanial Peffer, “The China at War and the China Behind the Lines,”
The New York Times Book Review
, Dec. 24, 1939.

“land ownership under reasonable conditions”:
Taylor, p. 192.

“were not allied to Moscow”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 2.

“a force to be reckoned with”:
Ibid., p. 8.

“is hated more every day”:
Ibid., p. 12.

In May 1942, Zhou gave a letter:
Michael Sheng,
Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 76.

“Zhou Enlai had an amazing mind”:
Theodore H. White,
In Search of History: A Personal Adventure
(New York: Harper & Row, 1978), p. 117.

“a man as brilliant and ruthless”:
Ibid., p. 118.

“with the same coarse blue cloth”:
Ibid., p. 120.

“no one could have seemed”:
Ibid.

“was the most beautiful Chinese woman”:
Ibid., p. 121.

who loved reading Chinese Robin Hood fiction:
John K. Fairbank,
Chinabound: A Fifty-Year Memoir
(New York: Harper & Row, 1982), p. 268.

“On the tiny screen”:
Qiao Songdu,
Qiaoguanhua yu Gong Peng: we di fuqin muqin
[Qiao Guanhua and Gong Peng: My Father and Mother], trans. Wenyi Zhou and Richard Bernstein (Beijing: Zhonghua Shu Ju, 2008), p. 23.

their meager wardrobe was stolen:
Fairbank,
Chinabound,
p. 272.

In Chungking, Gong achieved:
Ibid., p. 268.

“a taming effect on everybody”:
Ibid., p. 273.

“a tall-stemmed flower”:
Eric Severeid,
Not So Wild a Dream
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), pp. 327–38; Rand, p. 237.

“The CCP in Chungking”:
Fairbank,
Chinabound,
p. 270.

“the voice of dissidence”:
Ibid., p. 268.

“What she put forward”:
Ibid., p. 267.

“If only I could be for a little while”:
Severeid, p. 329.

“silent conspiracy”:
Ibid., p. 328.

Service volunteered to donate:
E. J. Kahn Jr.,
The China Hands: America’s Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them
(New York: Viking Press, 1972), p. 107.

another journalist, Barbara Stevens:
Rand, p. 276.

“She was not only young”:
Qiao, p. 70.

she snubbed the old friends:
Rand, p. 310.

When the Canadian journalist:
William Stevenson,
Past to Present: A Reporter’s Story of War, Spies, People, and Politics
(Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2012), p. 240.

“in seclusion at the Beau-Rivage”:
Godfrey Blunden, “The Two Faces of Chou En-lai,”
Life
, June 28, 1954.

“Zhou overwhelmed you”:
Quoted in Freda Utley,
The China Story
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 1951), p. 143.

“It was so utterly hopeless”:
Ibid.

“The police state features”:
Israel Epstein,
My China Eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist
(San Francisco: Long River Press, 2005), p. 174.

deserter from the Eighth Route Army:
Ibid., p. 175.

“We learned later”:
Forman, p. 4.

a dissenter’s proclamation:
Ibid., pp. 5–7.

“another world”:
Epstein, p. 179.

“Every once-barren hilltop”:
Ibid., p. 180.

“and who had ever heard”:
Ibid., p. 183.

“loyalty dance”:
For photographs of this and other rituals of obeisance to Mao, see Liu Heung Shing, ed.,
China: Portrait of a Country
(Cologne: Taschen, 2009), pp. 178–83.

“Everything is open”:
New York Herald Tribune,
June 23, 1944, cited in Tozer.

“The men and women pioneers”:
Christian Science Monitor,
June 23, 1944, cited in Tozer.

“much more American than Russian”:
Taylor, p. 220.

“so-called Communists”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 103.

“margarine Communists”:
Dieter Heinzig,
The Soviet Union and Communist China,
1945–1950:
The Arduous Road to the Alliance
(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 22.

regular hunting expeditions:
Carter, p. 42.

On Saturday nights:
Barrett, pp. 50–51.

“Far-seeing Mao Zedong”:
Forman, pp. 88–89.

“is no unapproachable oracle”:
Ibid., p. 177.

“We are not striving”:
Ibid., p. 178.

“we believe in and practice democracy”:
Ibid., p. 179.

“tremendous character”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 218.

“a first rate soldier”:
Barrett, p. 33.

Davies draws a verbal portrait:
Davies,
China Hand,
pp. 18–219.

“dominated the room”:
Henry Kissinger,
White House Years
(New York: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 1058.

His conclusion was:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 222.

Varoff’s mission had been to hit:
“Report of Capt. Varoff Crew Rescue,” Mar. 22, 1945, 40th Bomb Group Association, available online at
www.40thbombgroup.org
. For news coverage of rescue, see
New York Times,
Jan. 17, 1945.

“All he knew”:
Barrett, p. 37.

“our bitter enemies now”:
Ibid.

Michael Lindsay:
Yu, p. 166.

To gain access to Yenan at all:
Gao Hua,
Hong taiyang she tsenyang shengqi de: Yenan zhengfeng yundong de lai long qumai
[How Did the Red Sun Rise: A History of the Yenan Rectification Movement] (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2000), p. 234–36

“how bloodthirsty and evil”:
Dai Qing,
Wang Shiwei and “Wild Lilies”: Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party,
1942–1944 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 4.

“their own reputation”:
Ibid., p. 91.

“I will dare”:
Ibid., p. 18.

“the foot-bindings of a slattern”:
Philip Short,
Mao: A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 1999), p. 381.

“fiendishly clever”:
Ibid., p. 384.

big-character poster or wall newspaper:
Ibid., p. 385.

who encouraged the paper:
Dai Qing, p. 50.

“pure and noble image”:
Ibid., p. 5

“the youth of Yenan”:
Ibid.

“not an egalitarian”:
Ibid., p. 20.

“It was not enough”:
Short, p. 386.

“The first step”:
Ibid.

“Party meetings are fixed”:
Vladimirov, p. 26.

“genius leader”:
Gao Hua, p. 227.

“Kang always wore Russian jackets”:
Shi Zhe,
Feng yu Gu: She Zhe hui-yi-lu
[Peaks and Valleys: The Memoirs of Shi Zhe] (Beijing: Hungxi Publishing, 1992), p. 229.

“a shrill and hissing voice”:
Pyotr Vladimirov,
The Vladimirov Diaries, Yenan, China,
1942–1945 (New York: Doubleday, 1975), p. 10.

“the ugliest nightmare”:
Dai Qing, p. xvi.

With tears streaming down his face:
Gao Hua, pp. 483–84.

“Once you confessed”:
Shi Zhe, pp. 200–202.

“counter-revolutionary shit-hole”:
Short, p. 389.

A mob of other writers obediently:
Dai Qing, pp. 31–32.

accused Wu Han:
Jonathan D. Spence,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution,
1895–1980 (New York: The Viking Press, 1981), p. 345; Short, pp. 527–29.

“the close friend and ally”:
Lynne Joiner,
Honorable Survivor: Mao’s China, McCarthy’s America, and the Persecution of John S. Service
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), p. 330.

“Korea and Vietnam”:
Ibid., p. 331.

“I shall never forget”:
Barrett, p. 57.

“a prolonged howl”:
Davies, p. 226.

“everything but Shay’s Rebellion”:
Time,
Jan. 1, 1945.

“disappeared in a cloud of dust”:
Barrett, p. 57.

“He tried to corral both sides”:
Herbert Feis,
The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953), p. 214.

“If imperial Japan had not”:
Quoted in Waldron, “China’s New Remembering”: 972.

“the saltiness of the General’s remarks”:
Barrett, p. 57.

“If I haven’t been given American policy”:
Arthur R. Ringwalt, “Oral History Interview with Arthur R. Ringwalt,” Truman Memorial Library, online at
www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/ringwalt.htm
.

“the United States is the greatest hope”:
Quoted in Kahn, p. 136.

“Hurley arrived at Yenan”:
Davies,
China Hand
, p. 227.

bitter and highly publicized dispute:
Barrett, p. 57.

Hurley was born in 1883:
Lohbeck, passim. Russell D. Buhite,
Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), passim.

“Patrick Hurley is one”:
Lohbeck, p. 49.

“He was a realist”:
Ibid., p. 148.

“You know, Mr. President”:
Ibid., p. 153.

“a little piracy”:
Ibid.

“We were out-shipped”:
Ibid.

“It was obvious to me”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 201.

“We do not wish to be alarmists”:
Ibid., p. 199.

“is extremely grave”:
Ibid. p. 159.

“we are rolling the enemy back”:
Ibid., pp. 157–58.

“at least an additional year”:
FRUS,
1944, p. 287.

“true unification”:
Ibid., p. 159.

“no longer able to fight”:
Barrett, p. 60.

“Chiang’s men were starved”:
Ibid.

“I had myself seen”:
Ibid.

“what I have said about Chiang”:
Ibid., p. 61.

Well, it’s a foot in the door:
Mao-Hurley dialogue is from Barrett, pp. 60–62.

“to promote progress and democracy”:
Ibid., p. 63.

“a love feast”:
Barrett, p. 63.

“I cannot guarantee”:
Ibid., p. 64.

“bill of goods”:
Davies,
China Hand,
pp. 228–29.

“We consider the Soviet Union”:
Barrett, p. 65.

American simplicity versus Chinese complexity:
Tang Tsou,
America’s Failure in China,
1941–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 91.

network of personal relations:
Ibid., p. 112.

AGFRTS:
Yu, p. 156. Davies,
China Hands,
p. 287.

“Your honor, General Donovan”:
Yu, p. 144.

“face was not only handsome”:
Fairbank,
Chinabound,
p. 215.

“freed of all official relationship”:
Yu, p. 138.

“special measures”:
Ibid., p. 99.

“a tight little kingdom”:
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland (hereafter NARA), RG 38, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Records of the U.S. Naval Group, Box 39b.

“This Special Party Branch”:
Yu, p. 44.

“unsavory”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 288.

“assassination by poison”:
Yu, p. 102.

“is mainly preoccupied”:
NARA, RG 38, Box 39.

“If the American public”:
Quoted in Davies, p. 289.

“Hundreds of Tai Li’s victims”:
NARA, RG 38, Box 39b.

Blue Shirts carried out:
Taylor, pp. 104–105.

Zhang Deneng, shot:
Ibid., p. 273.

large numbers of executions:
Ibid., p. 105.

“numerous adverse reports”:
NARA, RG 38, Box 39.

“As head of the National Police”:
Ibid.

“One outstanding weakness”:
Yu, p. 199.

“crook”:
Davies, p. 229.

“ultimatum basis”:
Tsou, p. 93.

“The Generalissimo finds it necessary”:
Romanus and Sunderland,
Stilwell’s Mission,
p. 270.

“the concept of a loyal opposition”:
Davies, p. 228.

“By December”:
Kahn, pp. 145–46.

“We are having some success”:
FRUS,
1944, vol. 6, p. 748.

a remarkable confrontation:
Mao’s conversation with Barrett is from Barrett, pp. 70–75.

four new conditions:
Feis, p. 219.

“It was a routine trip”:
Davies, p. 235.

“The Chinese Communists were going to win”:
Ringwalt, oral history.

“the age-old ploy”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 235.

“an old fool”:
Ibid., p. 236.

“Hello” and “Good-bye”:
Kahn, pp. 122–23.

“at routine staff meetings”:
Ibid.

“principal occupation”:
Melby, p. 23.

“a vacillating compromise”:
Davies,
China Hand,
p. 238.