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“augment strength”:
FRUS
, 1945, vol. 7, p. 601.

“It appears at present”:
Ibid., p. 602.

“Dissident elements”:
Ibid., pp. 603–604.

“heavy pressure”:
Ibid., pp. 611–12.

“Impasse seems to have reached”:
Ibid., p. 613.

“looting trains”:
Ibid., p. 618.

“well-entrenched”:
Ibid., p. 687.

“the darkest aspect”:
Ibid., p. 691.

“a complete victory”:
Ibid., p. 664.

“completely unprepared”:
Ibid., p. 652.

this corrosive problem:
Ibid., p. 653.

“a momentous bearing”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 629.

“move resolutely”:
Ibid., p. 632.

“Drumright’s stance”:
Davies,
Dragon,
p. 418.

“small likelihood”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 642.

“We have to recognize”:
Life,
Nov. 19, 1945.

“It is somewhat confusing”:
Cited in Utley, p. 143.

“The political structure”:
New York Times,
Feb. 25, 1945.

“one of the pinnacles”:
Time,
Sept. 3, 1945.

“customary panegyrics”:
White,
In Search,
p. 241.

“Most Americans”:
Life,
Nov. 19, 1945.

“deserted an ally”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 673.

“considered opinion”:
Ibid., p. 680.

“it’s impossible for me”:
Ibid., p. 684.

“perhaps the wise course”:
Ibid., p. 686.

“the symptoms”:
James Forrestal,
The Forrestal Diaries,
ed. Walter Millis (New York: Viking, 1951), p. 111.

“the professional foreign service men”:
New York Times,
Nov. 29, 1945.

“give some assurance”:
New York Times,
Nov. 28, 1945.

“an uproar”:
Melby, p. 39.

“a victory for American people”:
Radio Yenan, Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Nov. 28, 1945.

“Pat Hurley came out”:
Time,
Dec. 17, 1945.

he called George Marshall:
John Robinson Beal,
Marshall in China
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970), pp. 1–2.

“the cry of the cranes”:
Gillin and Myers, p. 126.

“speak out”:
Sheng, p. 113.

Stalin’s communication with Mao:
Goncharov et al., p. 15.

Stalin told the Communists:
Sheng, p. 114.

posters criticizing the KMT disappeared:
Gillin and Myers, p. 127.

he expressed the hope:
Ibid., p. 135.

“middle and small cities”:
Sheng, p. 114.

“neutralize the United States”:
Ibid.

“a thunderous greeting”:
Taylor, p. 329.

“glorious victory”:
Ibid.

“agreed to almost all”:
Ibid.

“indicate more positive attitude”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, pp. 694–95.

“more serious threats”:
Ibid., p. 700.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN:
Marshall Comes Close

“Everybody is waiting”:
Melby, p. 51.

“He is a modest man”:
Beal, p. 68.

“the finest soldier”:
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Statesman,
1945–1949, vol. 4 (New York: Viking Press, 1987), p. 27.

“the growing impression”:
Melby, p. 69.

“hitting him on the back”:
Caughey, p. 62.

“The murder and brutality”:
Melby, p. 44.

Vincent argued forcefully:
May, pp. 139–41.

“failed to make reasonable concessions”:
FRUS,
1945, vol. 7, p. 768.

“he was not to be abandoned”:
Feis, p. 419.

two percent chance of success:
Henry Byroade, “Oral History Interview with Henry Byroade,” Harry S. Truman Library; online at
trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/byroade.htm
.

“You have … been given”:
Pogue, p. 29.

“I told General Marshall”:
Wedemeyer, p. 363.

“I am going to accomplish”:
Ibid.

“eliminating autonomous armies”:
Lyman P. Van Slyke, ed.,
Marshall’s Mission to China: The Report and Appended Document,
vol. 1 (Arlington, VA: University Publications of America, 1976), p. 6.

“to establish a puppet regime”:
Ibid., p. 11.

“barrier of fear”:
Van Slyke,
Marshall’s Mission,
p. 7.

“All shades and grades”:
Melby, p. 53.

Stalin advised the Chinese Communists:
Sheng, p. 123.

“My estimate”:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, p. 18.

“an expansionist force”:
Ibid., pp. 116–18.

“The position of the Communists”:
Ibid., pp. 41–42.

they would temporize on that demand:
Sheng, pp. 121–22.

The government would be allowed:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, pp. 73–104.

“hastening to take over”:
Ibid., p. 104.

“we can’t agree to this one”:
Ibid.

“It would be a tragedy”:
Ibid.

“generously agreed to the issuance”:
Ibid., p. 105.

“I’ve tried to tell”:
Ibid., p. 40.

“It marks the beginning”:
Liberation Daily,
monitored by FBIS, Jan. 12, 1946.

“the democracy to be initiated”:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, pp. 151–52.

convey an anecdote:
Ibid., p. 152.

“The distances are great”:
Ibid., p. 351.

“We literally had a team”:
Byroade, oral history.

“impossible situation”:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, p. 347.

“It is obvious”:
Ibid., pp. 362–63.

“greatly exaggerating”:
Ibid., p. 373.

“weathered mud huts”:
New York Times,
Jan. 21, 1946.

“The fighting did stop”:
Byroade, oral history.

“no longer any doubt”:
New York Times,
Feb. 2, 1946.

“Affairs are progressing”:
A full set of carbon copies of Marshall’s letters to Truman are in NARA, Joint Chiefs of Staff, records of Admiral Leahy, RG38, Entry 117, Box 2.

“Thousands stormed the field”:
Radio Yenan, monitored by FBIS, Mar. 6, 1945.

“I was frank to an extreme”:
NARA, Leahy records, RG38, Entry 117, Box 2.

“an amazing task”:
Ibid.

“We want unification”:
Sheng, p. 126.

“I shudder”:
Gillin and Myers, p. 231.

“undeniably outstanding”:
Sheng, p. 126.

“terminating the hostilities”:
New York Times,
Mar. 17, 1946.

“It was very remarkable”:
Ibid.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
From Hope to Antagonism

“The outlook is not promising”:
NARA, Leahy records, RG38, entry 117, box 2.

“dangerous military position”:
Ibid.

“open antagonism”:
NARA, Leahy records, RG 218, entry 117, box 2.

“utter chaos”:
Ibid.

the CC clique:
Taylor, p. 25.

“the most striking change”:
Fairbank, p. 131.

“Every night”:
Melby, p. 83.

“Now that China has paid”:
New York Times,
Feb. 15, 1946.

“sharp criticism of Russian policy”:
New York Times,
Feb. 20, 1946.

carried slogans:
New York Times,
Feb. 21, 1946.

New China Daily
denied:
Ibid.

“littered with crates”:
Gillin and Myers, p. 195.

When the train reached the station:
Ibid., p. 223.

“the question of economic cooperation”:
Ibid., p. 222.

use the word “fascist”:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, pp. 513–16.

“Our party’s policy”:
Sheng, pp. 133–34.

“the U.S. Forces Headquarters”:
Ibid., p. 136.

“All that has happened”:
Sheng, p. 127.

“spirit of cooperation”:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, p. 157.

vituperative attack on him:
Ibid., p. 167.

persuasive, even impassioned rejoinder:
Ibid., pp. 173–75.

irreconcilables were motivated:
Ibid., pp. 160–61.

reported to Washington:
Ibid., pp. 1380, 1400.

“a complete contrast”:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 10, p. 77.

“a decisive victory”:
New York Times,
Mar. 21, 1946.

twenty thousand Communist troops attacked:
New York Times,
Apr. 30, 1946.

“shameful”:
New York Times,
Apr. 20, 1946.

proposal for a new ceasefire:
FRUS,
1946, vol. 9, pp. 791–93.

“excessive demands”:
Ibid.

“tantamount to supporting”:
Ibid.

report from Weixian:
Radio Yenan, monitored by FBIS, February 10, 1946.

“American planes and officers”:
Ibid., Apr. 2, 1946.

“bring disaster”:
Ibid., Apr. 21, 1946.

“an undeniable fact”:
Ibid., May 20, 1946.

“Never in the past”:
Ibid, June 7, 1946.

“the aggravation”:
Pogue, p. 125.

“vicious Communist propaganda”:
Ibid., p. 127.

Communist forces ambushed:
Van Slyke,
Marshall’s Mission,
vol. 1, pp. 444–50.

EPILOGUE:
The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution

When the police came:
Mei Zhi,
F: Hu Feng’s Prison Years,
ed. and trans. Gregor Benton (London: Verso, 2013), p. 18.

“counterrevolutionaries are trash”:
Ibid., back cover.

the “leniency” of the party:
Ibid., pp. 56–60.

“we are all committed”:
Ibid., p. 11.

Ma was ridiculed:
Peng, p. 190.

“The basis of the interrogation”:
Wang Ruowang,
The Hunger Trilogy,
trans. Kyna Rubin (Armonk: NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), p. 71.

He went straight up the stairs:
Xu Zhucheng,
Xu Zhucheng Huiyi Lu
[Memoirs of Xu Zhucheng] (Beijing: Sanlian Shudian [Sanlian Bookstore], 1998), p. 415.

“the Chinese people have awakened”:
Mao Zedong, “Farewell, Leighton Stuart,” in
Selected Works,
vol. 4, online edition,
www.marxists.org
.

“idiotic”:
Joseph Alsop, cited in Klehr and Radosh, p. 20.

“To sit on the fence”:
Short, p. 421.

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