Citizen Emperor (124 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
108
.
Corr.
vi. n. 4589 (13 February 1800); Hyde de Neuville,
Mémoires et souvenirs
, i. pp. 282–3; Cabanis,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 53.
109
. Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 325–6, 330–8, 341.
110
.
Corr.
vi. n. 4523 (14 January 1800).
111
. Charles-Louis Chassin,
Etudes documentaires sur la Révolution française. Les Pacifications de l’Ouest. 1794–1815
, 3 vols (Paris, 1896–9), iii. pp. 545–61; Eric Muraise,
Sainte Anne et la Bretagne
(Paris, 1980), pp. 101–6. Both authors play down the severity of the repression. On the other hand, Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 264–5, is much more realistic.
112
.
Corr.
vii. n. 5557 (3 May 1801).
113
. See, for example,
Corr.
vi. n. 4498 (5 January 1800).
114
. Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 331–2.
115
. Stephen Clay, ‘Le brigandage en Provence du Directoire au Consulat (1795–1802)’, in Jessenne (ed.),
Du Directoire au Consulat
, iii. pp. 67–89.
116
. Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 317–20; Brown, ‘Special Tribunals and the Napoleonic Security State’, pp. 79–95.
117
. Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, p. 323; Brown, ‘Echoes of the Terror’, 553–5.
118
. Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 236, 316–24, 330; Brown, ‘Echoes of the Terror’, 529–58; Howard G. Brown, ‘Napoleon Bonaparte, Political Prodigy’,
History Compass
,5 (2007), 1387.
119
. Paul R. Hanson,
The Jacobin Republic under Fire: The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution
(University Park, Pa., 2003), p. 193.
120
. Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 264–6; Brown, ‘Echoes of the Terror’, 555.
2: ‘Perfect Glory and Solid Peace’
| 1 . | On this episode see Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de brumaire à floréal’, in Jessenne (ed.), Du Directoire au Consulat , iii. pp. 334–6. |
| 2 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 156, although one has to wonder to what extent the police may have exaggerated the crowd’s reaction in order to please their new masters. |
| 3 . | Thibaudeau, Mémoires sur le Consulat , p. 2. |
| 4 . | Victorine, comtesse de Chastenay, Mémoires de Madame de Chastenay, 1771–1815 ,2 vols (Paris, 1896), i. p. 418. |
| 5 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. pp. 77–81. |
| 6 . | Karl Roider, ‘The Habsburg Foreign Ministry and Political Reform, 1801–1805’, Central European History , 22 (1989), 178. George III was the exception to the rule. The coach he commissioned is still used on state occasions today (Jonathan Marsden and John Hardy, ‘“O Fair Britannia Hail!” The “Most Superb” State Coach’, Apollo , 153:468 (2001), 3–12; Jonathan Marsden, ‘George III’s State Coach in Context’, in Jonathan Marsden (ed.), The Wisdom of George the Third (London, 2005), pp. 43–59). |
| 7 . | Jean-Paul Bertaud, ‘Napoleon’s Officers’, Past & Present , 112 (1986), 97. |
| 8 . | Chastenay, Mémoires , i. p. 418. |
| 9 . | Jean-Pierre-Galy Montaglas, Historique du 12e chasseurs à cheval, depuis le 29 avril 1792 jusqu’au traité de Lunéville (9 février 1801) (Paris, 1908), p. 78; A. Gautier-Sauzin, Discours prononcé par le maire de Montauban, le 18 brumaire an X, jour de la fête de la Paix (Montauban, 1801); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 4; Michael J. Hughes, ‘“Vive la Republique, Vive l’Empereur!”: Military Culture and Motivation in the Armies of Napoleon, 1803–1808’, PhD dissertation (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2005), p. 65. |
| 10 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. p. 78; Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 158–9, 170. |
| 11 . | Antoine Boulant, Les Tuileries, palais de la Révolution (1789–1799) (Paris, 1989). |
| 12 . | Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , i. p. 489. |
| 13 . | See Marie-Cécile Thoral, ‘The Limits of Napoleonic Centralization: Notables and Local Government in the Department of the Isère from the Consulate to the Beginning of the July Monarchy’, French History , 19 (2005), 463–81; John Dunne, ‘Les maires de Brumaire, notables ruraux ou “gens des passage” ’, in Jessenne (ed.), Du Directoire au Consulat , iii. pp. 451–65; John Dunne, ‘Napoleon’s “Mayoral Problem”: Aspects of State–Community Relations in Post-Revolutionary France’, Modern & Contemporary France , 8 (2000), 479–91; John Dunne, ‘Power on the Periphery: Elite–State Relations in the Napoleonic Empire’, in Dwyer and Forrest (eds), Napoleon and his Empire , pp. 61–78. |
| 14 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. p. 78; Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon , pp. 44–5. |
| 15 . | Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , ii. pp. 78–9; Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. p. 85; iii. pp. 79–83. |
| 16 . | Thibaudeau, Mémoires sur le Consulat , pp. 7–9. For a similar phenomenon in the British army see Scott Hughes Myerly, British Military Spectacle: From the Napoleonic Wars through the Crimea (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), pp. 139–50. Myerly argues that dress and discipline moulded the soldier and that the military parade won over the civilian population. |
| 17 . | On this point see Hughes, ‘Vive la République, Vive l’Empereur!’, pp. 55–60; Jean Morvan, Le soldat impérial , 2 vols (Paris, 1904), ii. pp. 510–17; John R. Elting, Swords around a Throne: Napoleon’s Grande Armée (New York, 1988), pp. 596–601. |
| 18 . | J. p. T. Bury and J. C. Barry (eds), An Englishman in Paris, 1803: The Journal of Bertie Greatheed (London, 1953), pp. 114–15; Alan Forrest, Napoleon’s Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (London, 2002), pp. 102–3; Hughes, ‘Vive la République, Vive l’Empereur!’, pp. 57–9. |
| 19 . | See, for example, the Moniteur universel , 23 brumaire an XII (15 November 1803), later printed as Trait curieux arrivé au Premier Consul en passant l’armée en revue à Boulogne-sur-Mer (Paris, n.d.). |
| 20 . | Philip Mansel, The Eagle in Splendour: Napoleon I and his Court (London, 1987), p. 14. |
| 21 . | Francis William Blagdon, Paris As It Was and As It Is, or a Sketch of the French Capital Illustrative of the Effects of the Revolution , 2 vols (London, 1803), i. p. 328. |
| 22 . | On the notion of honour see John A. Lynn, ‘Toward an Army of Honor: The Moral Evolution of the French Army, 1789–1815’, French Historical Studies , 16:1 (1989), 152–73; Julian Pitt-Rivers, ‘La maladie de l’honneur’, in Marie Gautheron and Jean-Michel Belorgey (eds), L’honneur: image de soi ou don de soi: un idéal équivoque (Paris: Autrement, 1991), pp. 20–36. |
| 23 . | Abraham Raimbach, Memoirs and Recollections of the late Abraham Raimbach (London, 1843), p. 102; F. J. Maccunn, The Contemporary English View of Napoleon (London, 1914), pp. 50–2. |
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