Citizen Emperor (164 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 2 . | This idea is more fully elaborated in Philip Dwyer, ‘Napoleon and the Drive for Glory: Reflections on the Making of French Foreign Policy’, in Dwyer (ed.), Napoleon and Europe , pp. 118–35. |
| 3 . | On Napoleon’s relations with the pope see Henri Welschinger, Le pape et l’empereur, 1804–1815 (Paris, 1905), pp. 1–45; E. E. Y. Hales, Napoleon and the Pope: The Story of Napoleon and Pius VII (London, 1962); Margaret M. O’Dwyer, The Papacy in the Age of Napoleon and the Restoration: Pius VII, 1800–1823 (Lanham, Md, 1985), pp. 83–124; Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape ; Robin Anderson, Pope Pius VII, 1800–1823: His Life, Reign and Struggle with Napoleon in the Aftermath of the French Revolution (Rockford, Ill., 2001); Boudon, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire , pp. 342–58; Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. pp. 349–70, 482–500; ii. pp. 106–34. |
| 4 . | Corr. xi. n. 9655, and xii. n. 9805 (7 January, 13 February 1806). |
| 5 . | Cited in Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape , p. 89. |
| 6 . | Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d’Haussonville, L’Eglise romaine et le Premier Empire, 1800–1814 , 5 vols (Paris, 1868–9), ii. pp. 305–9; John Tracy Ellis, Cardinal Consalvi and Anglo-Papal Relations, 1814–1824 (Washington, DC, 1942), pp. 15–17; Robinson, Cardinal Consalvi , pp. 81–5. |
| 7 . | Corr. xv. n. 13093 (31 August 1807). |
| 8 . | Corr. xvi. n. 13441 (10 January 1808). |
| 9 . | Corr. xvi. n. 13536 (7 February 1808). |
| 10 . | Ellis, ‘Religion According to Napoleon’, p. 248. |
| 11 . | Cited in Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape , pp. 101 and 102. |
| 12 . | Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. 370; Ellis, ‘Religion According to Napoleon’, pp. 248–9. |
| 13 . | On this annexation of the Roman states see Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. pp. 526–34. |
| 14 . | Claude-François André d’Arbelles, Tableau historique de la politique de la cour de Rome, depuis l’origine de sa puissance temporelle jusqu’à nos jours (Paris, 1810). |
| 15 . | For an overview of this complex problem see Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars , pp. 301–45; Charles Esdaile, The Peninsular War: A New History (London, 2003), pp. 1–36. |
| 16 . | This is the view of Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. xi, 230, 284, 393; and Paul W. Schroeder, ‘Napoleon’s Foreign Policy: A Criminal Enterprise’, Journal of Military History , 54 (1990), 147–61. |
| 17 . | Shuvalov to Alexander (15 May 1811), in Sbornik , xxi. p. 416. |
| 18 . | Eli F. Heckscher, The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation (Oxford, 1922), pp. 92–4. Historians who have recently reiterated this point include Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe du sauveur , pp. 205–6; David Gates, The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War (London, 1986), p. 6; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 307–10; Jean-Noël Brégeon, Napoléon et la guerre d’Espagne: 1808–1814 (Paris, 2006), pp. 69–71; Michael V. Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon , vol. i: The Allied Invasion of France, 1813–1814 (New York, 2007), p. 2. There is necessarily a debate, as with all things Napoleonic, about whether the desire to defeat Britain led to the implementation of the blockade or whether the blockade led to the expansion of the Empire. A concise résumé of the debate can be found in Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 307–9, along with the assertion that the Continental System was really part of a contest to see which of the three great powers – Britain, France or Russia – would dominate Europe. |
| 19 . | Heckscher, The Continental System , pp. 78, 86, 95; Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon’s Continental Blockade: The Case of Alsace (Oxford, 1981), pp. 110–48; Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. p. 257. |
| 20 . | Schroeder, The Transformation of Europe , p. 224; Nicole Gotteri, Napoléon et le Portugal (Paris, 2004), pp. 115–19. |
| 21 . | The Directory had considered a number of plans to conquer Portugal between 1796 and 1799 (Gotteri, Napoléon et le Portugal , pp. 59–60). |
| 22 . | Corr. xv. n. 12928 (19 July 1807); Schroeder, Transformation of Europe , pp. 338–9; Gotteri, Napoléon et le Portugal , pp. 137–8. |
| 23 . | Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française , vii. p. 217. |
| 24 . | John Charles Chasteen, Americanos: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence (Oxford, 2008), p. 42. |
| 25 . | According to Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars , pp. 319–20, 328. |
| 26 . | Corr. xvi. nos. 13181, 13287 and 13300 (25 September, 23 and 27 October 1807). |
| 27 . | Corr. xvi. n. 13257 (16 October 1807). Junot was ordered into Spain before a Franco-Spanish accord had been reached. |
| 28 . | Thiébault, Mémoires , iv. p. 139. |
| 29 . | Gates, The Spanish Ulcer , p. 8. |
| 30 . | Rory Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 (New Haven, 1996), pp. 29–30. It was the first time that a European monarch had visited a colony; he was to stay in Rio de Janeiro for the next thirteen years. On the Portuguese court in Rio see Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821 (London, 2001). |
| 31 . | Natalie Petiteau, ‘Les justifications impériales de l’intervention en Espagne’, in Gérard Dufour and Elisabel Larriba (eds), L’Espagne en 1808: régénération ou révolution? (Aix-en-Provence, 2009), p. 12. |
| 32 . | Gabriel H. Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain , 2 vols (New York, 1965), i. pp. 8–17, 23–6, 90; Hilt, The Troubled Trinity , pp. 12–18. |
| 33 . | Alexandre Tratchevsky, ‘L’Espagne à l’époque de la Révolution française’, Revue historique , 31 (1886), 9. |
| 34 . | Jacques Chastenet, Manuel Godoy et l’Espagne de Goya (Paris, 1961), p. 50; Elizabeth Vassall, Lady Holland, The Spanish Journal of Elizabeth, Lady Holland (London, 1910), p. 74; Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain , i. p. 6. |
| 35 . | AN AFIV 1680 (1), Philippe de Tournon to Napoleon, 20 December 1807; Philippe Loupès, ‘De Badajoz à Bayonne, l’irrésistible ascension de Manuel Godoy revisitée’, in Josette Pontet, Napoléon, Bayonne et l’Espagne: actes du colloque (Paris, 2011), pp. 95–103. On Godoy’s ascent see Hilt, The Troubled Trinity , pp. 6–9, 22–34. |
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