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49
.
Corr.
xxvi. n. 20645 (27 September 1813).
50
.
Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, p. 949.
51
.
Ashby,
Napoleon against Great Odds
, pp. 3–8, 187. Ashby contends that nearly half of the 930,000 conscripts were either ineligible or not notified. On the attempts to create a new army after Leipzig see his account at pp. 21–42.
52
.
Roger Dufraisse, ‘La fin des départements de la rive gauche du Rhin’, in Yves-Marie Bercé (ed.),
La fin de l’Europe napoléonienne, 1814: la vacance du pouvoir
(Paris, 1990), pp. 24–5.
53
.
Woloch,
The New Regime
, pp. 423–4; Isser Woloch, ‘Napoleonic Conscription: State Power and Civil Society’,
Past & Present
, 111 (1986), 101–29; Forrest,
Conscripts and Deserters
, pp. 41–2, 52–3; Gavin Daly,
Inside Napoleonic France: State and Society in Rouen, 1800–1815
(Burlington, Vt, 2001), pp. 244–6; Louis Bergès,
Résister à la conscription, 1798–1814: le cas des départements aquitains
(Paris, 2002), pp. 121–52.
54
.
Bellot de Kergorre,
Journal
, p. 118.
55
.
This figure is suggested by Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 458; Jacques Garnier, ‘Campagne de 1813 en Allemagne’, in Tulard (ed.),
Dictionnaire Napoléon
, p. 354.
56
.
Schama,
Patriots and Liberators
, pp. 636–7; Johann Joor, ‘Les Pays-Bas contre l’impérialisme napoléonien: les soulèvements anti-Français entre 1806 et 1813’,
Annales historiques de la Révolution française
, 326 (2001), 167.
57
.
Regele,
Feldmarschall Radetzky
, pp. 156–64.
58
.
Grimsted,
The Foreign Ministers of Alexander
, pp. 205, 208–9; Hartley,
Alexander
, p. 123; Zamoyski,
Rites of Peace
, pp. 125–6.
59
.
Müffling,
Memoirs
, pp. 93, 395; Leggiere,
The Fall of Napoleon
, pp. 39–40; Sked,
Radetzky
, pp. 51–5.
60
.
Müffling,
Memoirs
, p. 388; Sked,
Radetzky
, p. 50.
61
.
Uffindell,
Napoleon 1814
, p. 7.
62
.
Stamm-Kuhlmann,
König in Preußens großer Zeit
, pp. 383–4; Sked,
Radetzky
, pp. 54–5.
63
.
Favier,
Bernadotte
, pp. 240–1.
64
.
Chamberlain,
Lord Aberdeen
, p. 143.
65
.
For the following see Volker Sellin, ‘Restauration et légitimité en 1814’,
Francia
, 26/2 (1999), 115–29.
66
.
Charles William Vane (ed.),
Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh
, 8 vols (London, 1851–3), ix. p. 247; August Fournier,
Der Congress von Châtillon: die Politik im Kriege von 1814
(Leipzig, 1900), pp. 19–36, for the allies’ views on this question.
67
.
On this question see Pingaud,
Bernadotte, Napoléon et les Bourbons
, pp. 251–312; Franklin D. Scott, ‘Bernadotte and the Throne of France, 1814’,
Journal of Modern History
, 5 (1933), 465–78; Boudon,
Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire
, pp. 401–2; Favier,
Bernadotte
, pp. 239–47; Michel Winock,
Madame de Stäel
(Paris, 2010), pp. 445–52.
68
.
Evelyne Lever,
Louis XVIII
(Paris, 1988), p. 292; Philip Mansel,
Louis XVIII
(Stroud, 1999), p. 163.
69
.
Beugnot,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 96; Noël,
With Napoleon’s Guns
, p. 191.
70
.
Philippe de Ségur,
Du Rhin à Fontainebleau: mémoires du général comte de Ségur
(Paris, n.d.), p. 85.
71
.
Marmont,
Mémoires
, vi. pp. 8–10.
72
.
According to what seems a reasonably accurate assessment in a letter from Gneisenau to Alexander published in Leggiere,
The Fall of Napoleon
, p. 558.
73
.
Marmont,
Mémoires
, vi. pp. 8–9.
74
.
See Stephan Talty,
The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of How Typhus Killed Napoleon’s Greatest Army
(New York, 2009).
75
.
Hagemann, ‘“Unimaginable Horror and Misery”’, pp. 168, 170.
76
.
Rowe, ‘France, Prussia, or Germany?’, 634; Dufraisse, ‘La fin des départements’, p. 27. It was the second time that the French had carried typhus to the city. The first occurred in 1795 (Rowe,
From Reich to State
, p. 224).
77
.
Thirion,
Souvenirs militaires
, p. 169.
78
.
Mercy-Argenteau,
Memoirs
, i. p. 134.
79
.
Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, iii. p. 501.
80
.
Barrès,
Souvenirs
, p. 195; Leggiere,
The Fall of Napoleon
, p. 94.
81
.
See, for example, the remarks made by Marmont,
Mémoires
, vi. pp. 2, 4–5.
82
.
Marmont,
Mémoires
, vi. p. 7; Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 946–7; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics
,
p
p. 
491, 493. There were some in the allied camp who were advocating a spring offensive.
83
.
Paul W. Schroeder, ‘An Unnatural “Natural Alliance”: Castlereagh, Metternich, and Aberdeen in 1813’,
International History Review
, 10 (1988), 534; Chamberlain,
Lord Aberdeen
, pp. 141–53.
84
.
At least this is what he later claimed. Metternich,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 173–4.
85
.
Kraehe,
Metternich
, i. p. 257.
86
.
Fournier,
Der Congress von Châtillon
, pp. 22–4.
87
.
Metternich,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 173–4.
88
.
Sorel,
L’Europe et la Révolution française
, viii. pp. 220–6, argues that Napoleon was justified in responding in a non-committal way to what in all evidence was little more than a diplomatic probe.
89
.
Charles Webster,
The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815: Britain and the Reconstruction of Europe
, 2 vols (London, 1931), i. pp. 166–80; Sweet,
Wilhelm von Humboldt
, ii. pp. 151–5.

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