Citizen Emperor (196 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 7 . | Cook, ‘Schwarzenberg at Dresden’, 644. |
| 8 . | Especially over the best manner in which to invade France at the end of 1813. See Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon , pp. 22, 28–40. |
| 9 . | Parkinson, The Fox of the North , p. 233; Nabokov and de Lastours, Koutouzov , pp. 290–1. |
| 10 . | Gates, The Napoleonic Wars , p. 235. |
| 11 . | Craig, ‘Problems of Coalition Warfare’, p. 43. |
| 12 . | Cited in Zamoyski, Rites of Peace , p. 75. |
| 13 . | Cited in Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen , p. 129. |
| 14 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 395. |
| 15 . | On the battle of Dresden see Petre, Napoleon’s Last Campaign , pp. 200–26; Riley, Napoleon and the World War of 1813 , pp. 128–47; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 903–12. |
| 16 . | Chevalier, Souvenirs , p. 269; Bellot de Kergorre, Journal , p. 107. |
| 17 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 396. |
| 18 . | The suggestion of Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , pp. 402, 417–18. |
| 19 . | Oudinot was defeated at Groß Beeren by Bülow and another Prussian general, Friedrich Bogislav von Tauentzien (23 August) just outside Berlin (Leggiere, Napoleon and Berlin , pp. 160–76); General Girard’s division was defeated at Hagelberg by General-Major von Hirschfeld’s Landwehr brigade (27 August); Macdonald was defeated by Blücher while crossing the River Katzbach (26 August), losing 35,000 of 75,000 men; Ney was defeated at Dennewitz by a combined Prussian–Swedish army under Bülow (6 September); General Marie-Nicolas Pécheux was defeated by the allied commander Count Wallmoden in the forest of Göhrde (between Wittenberg and Lüneburg) (16 September); General Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes was surprised and routed by the Saxon General Johann von Thielmann at Altenburg (28 September); Bertrand was defeated at Wartenburg by Yorck (3 October); and south of Leipzig, at Liebertwolkwitz on 14 October, the greatest cavalry battle up to that time took place, without issue, between Murat on the one hand and Wittgenstein on the other. |
| 20 . | Löwenstern, Mémoires , ii. pp. 100–1. |
| 21 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 425. |
| 22 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 429. |
| 23 . | Boudon, Le roi Jérôme , pp. 392–5. |
| 24 . | For the situation in southern Germany see Planert, Der Mythos vom Befreiungskrieg , pp. 596–613. |
| 25 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 94–5; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 478–85. Michael Klang, ‘Bavaria and the War of Liberation, 1813–1814’, French Historical Studies , 4 (1965), 27, 33–40, suggests that loyalty towards French-inspired reforms among the Bavarian political elite was strong, but that this was not incompatible with an increasing hatred of Napoleon as tyrant. Junkelmann, Napoleon und Bayern , pp. 304–31. |
| 26 . | Odeleben, Relation circonstanciée , ii. p. 9. |
| 27 . | Johan Wolfgang Geothe, Goethe: The Collected Works , 11 vols (Princeton, 1987), iv. pp. 187–8. On Leipzig during this period see Robert Beachy, The Soul of Commerce: Credit, Property, and Politics in Leipzig, 1750–1840 (Leiden, 2005), pp. 137–64. The literature on the battle is extensive. For the following see Petre, Napoleon’s Last Campaign , pp. 352–72; Riley, Napoleon and the World War of 1813 , pp. 163–200; Leggiere, Napoleon and Berlin , pp. 256–77; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 912–36; Digby Smith, 1813: Leipzig: Napoleon and the Battle of the Nations (London, 2001). |
| 28 . | Cited in Smith, 1813 , p. 156. |
| 29 . | Chevalier, Souvenirs , pp. 277–8. |
| 30 . | Jomini, Précis politique et militaire , ii. pp. 183–8. |
| 31 . | Craig, ‘Problems of Coalition Warfare’, pp. 33–4. |
| 32 . | Bellot de Kergorre, Journal , p. 116. |
| 33 . | Odeleben, Relation circonstanciée , ii. p. 32. |
| 34 . | According to Petre, Napoleon’s Last Campaign , pp. 380–1. |
| 35 . | Riley, Napoleon and the World War of 1813 , p. 196. |
| 36 . | Bellot de Kergorre, Journal , p. 117. |
| 37 . | Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 458. |
| 38 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 483; Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 458; Smith, 1813 , p. 298. Again, figures vary. There were 43,000 dead and wounded according to Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon , p. 12. Riley, Napoleon and the World War of 1813 , p. 196, writes that Napoleon suffered greater casualties than the allies, around 40,000 dead and wounded on top of which have to be included 15,000 sick, 15,000 prisoners and 5,000 captured deserters. |
| 39 . | Anna von Sydow (ed.), Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen , 7 vols (Berlin 1906–16), iv. pp. 141–50 (19 and 20 October 1813). |
| 40 . | Chamberlain , Lord Aberdeen , pp. 133–4. |
| 41 . | Karen Hagemann, ‘“Unimaginable Horror and Misery”: The Battle of Leipzig in October 1813 in Civilian Experience and Perception’, in Alan Forrest, Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (eds), Soldiers, Citizens and Civilians: Experiences and Perceptions of the French Wars, 1790–1820 (Basingstoke, 2009), pp. 170–1. |
| 42 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 937–8. Bavaria defected to the allies at the beginning of October. |
| 43 . | BL Add Mss 20191, 375 (31 October 1813). |
| 44 . | Priscilla-Ann Wellesley Pole, Lady Burghersh, The Letters of Lady Burghersh (afterwards countess of Westmorland) from Germany and France during the Campaign of 1813–14 (London, 1893), pp. 66–7. |
| 45 . | Cited in Zamoyski, Rites of Peace , p. 115. |
| 46 . | Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen , p. 134. |
| 47 . | Pion des Loches, Mes campagnes , p. 357. |
| 48 . | ‘Les deux frères Burnot (1808–1814)’, Carnet de la Sabretache , 69 (1898), 547 (11 December 1813). |
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