Civilization: The West and the Rest (61 page)

28
. Kuhn,
Structure of Scientific Revolutions
.

29
. Henry,
Scientific Revolution
, p. 74.

30
. Shank,
Newton Wars
, p. 239.

31
. Murray,
Human Accomplishment
, esp. pp. 257f., 297f. See also Basalla, ‘Spread of Western Science’.

32
. Smith, ‘Science and Technology’. Cf. Clark, ‘Aristotle and Averroes’.

33
. Deen,
Science under Islam
, pp. 122ff.; Huff,
Rise of Early Modern Science
, p. 92.

34
. Huff,
Rise of Early Modern Science
, p. 75.

35
. Deen,
Science under Islam
, pp. 4f.; Faroqhi,
Subjects of the Sultan
.

36
. Mansel,
Constantinople
, p. 45.

37
. Lewis,
What Went Wrong?
, p. 43.

38
. Barkey,
Empire of Difference
, pp. 232f.; İhsanoglu,
Science, Technology and Learning
, p. 20. See also Mansel,
Constantinople
, p. 46; Vlahakis et al.,
Imperialism and Science
, p. 79.

39
. İhsanoglu,
Science, Technology and Learning
, p. 4.

40
. Barkey,
Empire of Difference
, p. 233.

41
. Sprat,
History of the Royal Society
, pp. 63f.

42
. Fernández-Armesto,
Pathfinders
, p. 281.

43
. Gribbin,
Fellowship
, pp. 253f.

44
. Hall,
Philosophers at War
.

45
. Stewart,
Rise of Public Science
, p. 258.

46
. Allen,
Steam Engine
; Allen,
1715 and Other Newcomen Engines
.

47
. Goldstone,
Revolution and Rebellion
, p. 367. Cf. Gerber, ‘Monetary System’; Pamuk, ‘Prices’.

48
. Goffman,
Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
, p. 119.

49
. Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire
, p. 207.

50
. Lewis,
Middle East
, p. 126. See also Goldstone,
Revolution and Rebellion
, pp. 378f.

51
. Lewis,
Modern Turkey
, p. 23.

52
. Coles,
Ottoman Impact
, p. 163.

53
. Mansel,
Constantinople
, pp. 86–96; Goodwin,
Lords of the Horizons
, p. 168.

54
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, p. 240.

55
. T. R. Ybarra, ‘Potsdam of Frederick the Great – After William II’,
New York Times
, 10 September 1922.

56
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, p. 189.

57
. Chakrabongse,
Education of the Enlightened Despots
, pp. 52f.

58
. Fraser,
Frederick the Great
, pp. 29f.

59
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, p. 215.

60
. Frederick,
Anti-Machiavel
, ch. 26.

61
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, p. 231.

62
. Ibid., pp. 241f.

63
. Haffner,
Rise and Fall of Prussia
, pp. 37, 43f.

64
. Gerber, ‘Jews and Money-Lending’. See also Quataert,
Manufacturing and Technology Transfer
.

65
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, p. 187.

66
. Blanning,
Culture of Power
, pp. 108f.

67
. Darnton,
Literary Underground
, p. 25.

68
. Terrall,
Man Who Flattened the Earth
, pp. 181–5.

69
. Aldington (ed.),
Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great
, p. 179.

70
. Frederick,
Anti-Machiavel
, pp. 400–405.

71
. Terrall,
Man Who Flattened the Earth
, p. 235.

72
. Shank,
Newton Wars
, p. 475; Fraser,
Frederick the Great
, p. 259.

73
. Kant, ‘ “What is Enlightenment?” ’

74
. Clark,
Iron Kingdom
, p. 215.

75
. Ibid., p. 195.

76
. Palmer, ‘Frederick the Great’, p. 102.

77
. Bailey,
Field Artillery
, pp. 165ff.

78
. Duffy,
Frederick the Great
, p. 264.

79
. Kinard,
Weapons and Warfare
, pp. 157f.

80
. Steele, ‘Muskets and Pendulums’, pp. 363ff.

81
. Ibid., pp. 368f.

82
. Agoston, ‘Early Modern Ottoman and European Gunpowder Technology’.

83
. Coles,
Ottoman Impact
, p. 186.

84
. Montesquieu,
Persian Letters
, Letter XIX.

85
. Mansel,
Constantinople
, pp. 185f.

86
. Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire
, pp. 236–8.

87
. Lewis,
What Went Wrong?
, p. 27.

88
. Aksan,
Ottoman Statesman
.

89
. İhsanoglu,
Science, Technology and Learning
, p. 56. See also Levy, ‘Military Reform’.

90
. Reid,
Crisis of the Ottoman Empire
, pp. 59–64.

91
. Mansel,
Constantinople
, pp. 237ff.

92
. Araci, ‘Donizetti’, p. 51.

93
. İhsanoglu,
Science, Technology and Learning
, pp. 170ff.

94
. Clarke, ‘Ottoman Industrial Revolution’, pp. 67f.

95
. Findley, ‘Ottoman Occidentalist’.

96
. Weiker, ‘Ottoman Bureaucracy’, esp. pp. 454f.

97
. Pamuk, ‘Bimetallism’, p. 16; Davison,
Essays
, pp. 64–7. Cf. Farley,
Turkey
, pp. 121f.

98
. Pamuk,
Ottoman Empire
, pp. 55–9.

99
. Kinross,
Atatürk
, p. 386.

100
. Mango,
Atatürk
, p. 396.

101
. Kinross,
Atatürk
, pp. 442f.

102
. Mango,
Atatürk
, p. 412.

103
. World Intellectual Property Organization,
World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010
(Geneva, 2010):
http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/
.

104
. Senor and Singer,
Start-Up Nation
.

105
. Ferguson,
High Financier
, pp. 317f.

CHAPTER 3: PROPERTY

1
. Fernández-Armesto,
Americas
, p. 66.

2
. The classic statements are Pomeranz,
Great Divergence
; Williams,
Capitalism and Slavery
. For a modified version of the argument, see Acemoglu et al., ‘Rise of Europe’.

3
. Barrera-Osorio,
Experiencing Nature
.

4
. Churchill, ‘Civilization’, pp. 45f.

5
. Hemming,
Conquest of the Incas
, p. 28.

6
. Markham (ed.),
Reports
, pp. 113–27.

7
. Wood,
Conquistadors
, p. 134.

8
. Hemming,
Conquest of the Incas
, p. 121.

9
. Bingham,
Lost City
.

10
. Burkholder,
Colonial Latin America
, p. 46.

11
. Ibid., p. 126.

12
. Findlay and O’Rourke,
Power and Plenty
, figure 4.4.

13
. Lanning,
Academic Culture
.

14
. Barrera-Osorio,
Experiencing Nature
.

15
. Fernández-Armesto,
Americas
, p. 95.

16
. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Charleston.

17
. Tomlins, ‘Indentured Servitude’.

18
. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.

19
. See in general Egnal,
New World Economies
.

20
. Elliott,
Empires of the Atlantic World
, p. 411.

21
. Adamson, ‘England without Cromwell’.

22
. Clark, ‘British America’.

23
. Acemoglu et al., ‘Reversal of Fortune’.

24
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
.

25
. Emmer,
Colonialism and Migration
, p. 35.

26
. North et al.,
Violence and Social Orders
, ch. 3.

27
. Fernández-Armesto,
Americas
, p. 159.

28
. The classic statement is by North and Weingast, ‘Constitutions and Commitment’. See also on the role of fiscal strength and overseas expansion O’Brien, ‘Inseparable Connections’.