Civilization: The West and the Rest (80 page)

migrant workers
219

trade unions
238–9
,
245

unemployment
230–31
,
232
,
265
,
265
n

women in
224

working hours
265
,
277

Labouret, Henri
166

Lafayette, marquis Gilbert de
150

Laigret, Jean
170

land ownership
see
property rights

Landes, David, on Western ascendancy
11

Langton, Christopher
299

Laplace, Pierre-Simon
158
n

Larkin, Philip
270

Latin America
see
South America

Laud, Archbishop William
106
,
107

Lavoisier, Antoine
66

Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
66

legal systems
8
,
12
,
124

in Britain
202–3

definition
13

in French colonies
165–6

in German colonies
177

Napoleonic
159–60

property rights
see
property rights

racial laws
134–6

in Russia
244

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
65
,
66
,
70
,
78
,
80

on China
46

Leipzig, battle of (1813)
160

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
227
,
228

on imperialism
144

Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
54
,
55

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
155

Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul Emil von
188

Leuthen, battle of (1757)
82–3

Leutwein, Theodor
176

Levi jeans
241–3
,
244

Lewis, C. S.:
The Screwtape Letters
269

liberty
121
,
154

Thomas Hobbes on
107–8

John Locke on
108–9

life expectancy
5
,
10
,
24
,
147–8
,
205
,
208

in Africa
168
,
171
,
190–91

see also
population figures/density

lifestyles
7–8
,
72–4

see also
consumerism

Lincoln, Abraham
xxiv

Lindell, John
275

linguistic issues
3
,
4
,
14
,
215

in China
43

in Turkey
90
,
91–2

Linnaeus, Carolus
66

Lippershey, Hans
65

literacy rates
77
,
125
,
263
,
264

literature
60
,
76
,
181
,
203
,
213
,
228
,
269–70

see also
printing

livery companies/guilds
40–41

see also
trading companies

living standards
5
,
7
,
25
,
232
,
238

in England
22–4
,
210–11

in China
21–2
,
26–8
,
44
,
210–11

in France
24–5

in Japan
45–6

social inequality
208–9

see also
wages

Locke, John
78

‘Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina’
109–10
,
111
,
114
,
135

on liberty
108–9

on property rights
111
,
112

his
Treatises of Government
57
,
108–9

London
5
,
22–3
,
162

City of London Corporation, as autonomous
39–40

livery companies/guilds
40–41

population figures
23

Thames river
22

Louis XVI, King of France
149–50
,
152–3
,
155

Low Countries
9
,
36
,
39

see also
United Provinces

Lucretius:
De natura rerum
62

Luther, Martin
61
,
63
,
259
,
262
,
263

Ninety-Five Theses
61

publications
61–2

see also
Reformation

Macartney, George, First Earl, in China
21
,
47

Machiavelli, Niccolò

The Prince
75
,
296

Frederick the Great on (
The Anti-Machiavel
)
75
,
79–80

Maharero, Samuel
178

malaria
169–70
,
173
,
174

Malaysia
239

Malche, Albert
92

Mali
164
,
170

Malthus, Thomas
203
n

Mangin, General Charles
184–5

Manhattan Project
235

Mann, Thomas
16

Marchand, Major Jean-Baptiste
173

marine chronometers
70

maritime exploration
see
exploration, voyages of

marketing/advertising
241
,
242
,
246

markets/market economy
205–6

housing market
276–7

see also
consumerism
;
financial systems

Marlowe, Christopher:
Doctor Faustus
63–4

Marschalk, Nicolaus
62

Marx, Karl/Marxism
7
,
153
,
198
,
206–9
,
210–11
,
228
,
245

Capital
207–8

Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy …
212

Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de
79
,
80

Different Figures of the Planets
67

Mayan civilization
299

Mazzini, Giuseppe
212–13

Mbaye, Ndematy (French African soldier)
184

Mboup, Demba (French African soldier)
184
,
185
,
186

medicine
see
health issues

Mehmed III, Ottoman sultan
72

Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan
72

Mehmed, Kadizâde
71

Mehmed, Yirmisekiz Çelebi
85

Melko, Matthew
3

Mendel, Gregor
180

Mendelssohn, Moses
76

Le Ménestrel
(French journal)
88

Mengele, Joseph
189

Mexican Revolution (1822–4)
124

Mexico
99
,
102
,
105
,
138

property rights
124

Midhat, Ahmed (Midhat Pasha)
89
,
90

military science/technology
37
,
41
,
57
,
65
n,
233
,
235–6

ballistics
83–5

see also
science/technology
;
warfare

Milne, William
279

Milner, Alfred
298
n

Mirabeau, comte Honoré de
150

Mirabeau, marquis Victor de
2
,
79

Miranda, Francisco
119

missionaries/missionary societies
142
,
263–4

in China
277–80
,
282–3
,
284

women as
282

money supply
28

gold
99
,
101–2

silver
35
,
38
,
44
,
101–2

Mongol empire
4
,
37
,
42

Monk, Thelonious
xxvii

Montaigne, Michel de
xxiii

Montecorvino, Giovanni da
278

Montecuccoli, Raimondo
85

Montesquieu, baron Charles de Secondat
79
,
296