Civilization: The West and the Rest (81 page)

on China
20–21
,
77

Persian Letters
85

Moody, Dwight Lyman
282

Morande, Charles Théveneau de
79

More, Thomas
62

Morrison, Robert
278–9

mortality rates
see
life expectancy

Moutet, Marius
173

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
xxiii
,
18
,
77

Mugabe, Robert
145

Mughal empire
9

Murat, Joachim
159

Murray, Charles
65
n

Muscovy Company
36

music
60
,
77
,
80
,
206
,
208
,
218

military
88
,
256
,
256
n

popular/rock
230
,
243–4
,
246
,
249–50
,
273
,
274

Muslims
see
Islam

Mussolini, Benito
228

Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan
86
,
87

Müteferrika, Ibrahim
10
n

Rational Bases for the Politics of Nations
85–6

Napier, John
66

Napoleon Bonaparte
119
,
142
,
156–61

Clausewitz on
157–8

naval wars
160

policies/aims
158–9

Russia and
160

Napoleon III, Emperor of France
163

nationalism
212–16
,
227

in Greece
213
,
228

in Italy
212–13
,
214–15
,
228

in Germany
213
,
214

in Russia
182
,
227–8

natural philosophy
see
science/technology

natural resources
10
,
48
,
97

Needham, Joseph:
Science and Civilization in China
27

Neilson, James
200

Nelson, Horatio
160

Newcastle Daily Chronicle
222

Newcomen, Thomas
70
,
200

Newton, Isaac
65
,
67
,
70–71
,
79
,
80
,
83

Principia
59
,
66
,
83

Nile, battle of (1798)
160

Nile river/valley
17

Nivelle, General Robert
185
,
186

Nixon, President Richard
242
,
243

Nobel prizes
175
,
235
n

nuclear science/engineering
94–5

Obama, Barack
138
,
139

O’Donnell, J. P.
252

Ōkubo Toshimichi
222
,
223

Ōmura Masujirō
223

opium
46

Oporinus, Johannes
63

Osman III, Ottoman Sultan
72

Ottoman army/defences
52
,
53
,
55
,
57

Janissaries
71
,
87–8

modernization of
87–8
,
91

Ottoman empire
4
,
9
,
13
,
38
,
39
,
76
,
84–5

decline of
56–7
,
71–2
,
84
,
85–6
,
89–90
,
92

economic crises
71
,
89

extent of
52–4

Habsburg empire, invasion of (1683)
52
,
54–7

the harem
72–3

political system
71–2
,
89–90

the West and
52
,
53
,
63
,
86–90

see also
Turkey

Owen, Robert
208

Pacioli, Luca:
Summa de arithmetica …
63

Pakistan
95

Palach, Jan
248

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
246–7

Pamuk, Orhan:
Snow
254
n

Panama Canal
219

Paracelsus
65

Pascal, Blaise
xxiii
,
66

Pasteur, Louis
169
,
175

Pasteur Institutes
170
,
174

Paston family (of Norfolk)
24

patronage
79

political
107

royal
70
,
79–80
,
84

Peel, Sir Robert
210

Pemberton, John
242

Pernot, Maurice
91

Perry, Commodore Matthew C.
221

Peru
122
,
125
,
170

see also
Inca empire

Philippines
35
,
144

Piar, Manuel Carlos
120
,
125

Picasso, Pablo
xxiv

Pizarro, Francisco
99–101
,
112–13
,
133

Pizarro, Hernando (brother of Francisco Pizarro)
100

plague
see
Black Death

Poland
55–6
,
75
,
228
,
251

political systems

Simón Bolívar on
123
,
124

Chinese
42–3
,
283
,
284

church/state relationship
60
,
289–90

communism
7
,
11
,
209–10
,
227–8
,
236
,
238

competition between states
36–42

democracy
see
representative government
below

dictatorships
124
,
128

English
107–9
,
202–3
; in North American colonies
109–12

fragmentation of
12
,
36–7

French
158–9
; during the Revolution
152–3

German, under Nazi regime
193–4

Thomas Hobbes on
107–8

liberty (freedom)
107–9
,
121

John Locke on
57
,
108–9

Marxism
207–8
;
see also
Marx, Karl

nationalism/nation states
212–16
,
227–8

Ottoman
71–2
,
89–90

Prussian
73
,
80

representative government
13
,
78–9
,
97
,
99
,
117
,
123

socialism
208–9

in Spanish American colonies
122–4

political theory
57
,
107
,
212–13
,
296–7

Polo, Marco, in China
21–2
,
27

Polybius:
Histories
296

Poma, Waman
100

Pomeranz, Kenneth
304

Ponty, William, Governor General of French West Africa
172

Henry Poole & Co. (tailors of Savile Row)
220–21
,
220
n

population figures/density
4
,
5
,
10
,
17
,
20–21
,
25
,
26
,
45
,
105–6
,
200
,
200
n,
218
,
308

depopulation
12
,
23
,
25
,
44

life expectancy
5
,
10
,
24
,
147–8
,
205
,
208
; in Africa
168
,
171
,
190–91

Muslims
290

young people
244

pornography
273
,
274

Portugal
4
,
9
,
14
,
202
n

China and
35

exploration, voyages of
33–5
,
39
,
53
,
130

India and
34
,
35
,
39

Portuguese empire
97
,
144
,
176

Pottier, Eugène: ‘The Internationale’
208

Priestley, Joseph
201

printing
27
,
60

impact/spread of
60–63
,
67
,
77
,
263