Authors: Sebastian Seung
Lander, E. S. 2011. Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome.
Nature,
470 (7333): 187â197.
Langleben, D. D., L. Schroeder, J. A. Maldjian, R. C. Gur, S. McDonald, J. D. Ragland, C. P. O'Brien, and A. R. Childress. 2002. Brain activity during simulated deception: An event-related functional magnetic resonance study.
Neuroimage,
15 (3): 727â732.
Lashley, K. S. 1929.
Brain mechanisms and intelligence: A quantitative study of injuries to the brain.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lashley, K. S., and G. Clark. 1946. The cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex of
Ateles:
A critical examination of architectonic studies.
Journal of Comparative Neurology,
85 (2): 223â305.
Lassek, A. M., and G. L. Rasmussen. 1940. A comparative fiber and numerical analysis of the pyramidal tract.
Journal of Comparative Neurology,
72 (2): 417â428.
Laureys, S. 2005. Death, unconsciousness, and the brain.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
6 (11): 899â909.
Lederberg, J., and A. T. McCray. 2001. 'Ome sweet 'omics: A genealogical treasury of words.
Scientist,
15 (7): 8.
Leeuwenhoek, A. van. 1674. More Observations from Mr. Leewenhook, in a Letter of Sept. 7. 1674. Sent to the publisher.
Philosophical Transactions,
9 (108): 178â182.
Legrand, N., A. Ploss, R. Balling, P. D. Becker, C. Borsotti, N. Brezillon, and J. Debarry. 2009. Humanized mice for modeling human infectious disease: Challenges, progress, and outlook.
Cell Host and Microbe,
6 (1): 5â9.
Leroi, A. 2006. What makes us human?
Telegraph,
Aug. 1.
Leucht, S., C. Corves, D. Arbter, R. R. Engel, C. Li, and J. M. Davis. 2009. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.
Lancet,
373 (9657): 31â41.
Lewis, D. A., and P. Levitt. 2002. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
25: 409.
Lichtman, J. W., and H. Colman. 2000. Synapse elimination review and indelible memory.
Neuron,
25: 269â278.
Lichtman, J. W., J. R. Sanes, and J. Livet. A technicolour approach to the connectome.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
9 (6): 417â422.
Lieberman, P. 2002. On the nature and evolution of the neural bases of human language.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology,
119 (S35): 36â62.
Lindbeck, A. 1995. The prize in economic science in memory of Alfred Nobel.
Journal of Economic Literature,
23 (1): 37â56.
Linkenhoker, B. A., and E. I. Knudsen. 2002. Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls.
Nature,
419 (6904): 293â296.
Lipton, P. 1999. Ischemic cell death in brain neurons.
Physiological Reviews,
79 (4): 1431â1568.
Livet, J., T. A. Weissman, H. Kang, J. Lu, R. A. Bennis, J. R. Sanes, and J. W. Lichtman. 2007. Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.
Nature,
450 (7166): 56â62.
Lledo, P. M., M. Alonso, and M. S. Grubb. 2006. Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
7 (3): 179â193.
Llinas, R., Y. Yarom, and M. Sugimori. 1981. Isolated mammalian brain in vitro: New technique for analysis of electrical activity of neuronal circuit function.
Federation Proceedings,
40: 2240.
Lloyd, Seth. 2006.
Programming the universe: A quantum computer scientist takes on the cosmos.
New York: Knopf.
Lockery, S. R., and M. B. Goodman. 2009. The quest for action potentials in
C. elegans
neurons hits a plateau.
Nature Neuroscience,
12 (4): 377â378.
Lopez-Munoz, F., and C. Alamo. 2009. Monoaminergic neurotransmission: The history of the discovery of antidepressants from 1950s until today.
Current Pharmaceutical Design,
15 (14): 1563â1586.
Lotze, M., H. Flor, W. Grodd, W. Larbig, and N. Birbaumer. 2001. Phantom movements and pain: An fMRI study in upper limb amputees.
Brain,
124 (11): 2268.
Machin, Geoffrey. 2009. Non-identical monozygotic twins, intermediate twin types, zygosity testing, and the non-random nature of monozygotic twinning: A review.
American Journal of Medical Genetics, C, Seminars in Medical Genetics,
151C (2): 110â127.
Maguire, E. A., D. G. Gadian, I. S. Johnsrude, C. D. Good, J. Ashburner, R. S. J. Frackowiak, and C. D. Frith. 2000. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
97 (8): 4398.
Markoff, J. 2007. Already, Apple sells refurbished iPhones.
New York Times,
Aug. 22.
Markou, A., C. Chiamulera, M. A. Geyer, M. Tricklebank, and T. Steckler. 2008. Removing obstacles in neuroscience drug discovery: The future path for animal models.
Neuropsychopharmacology,
34 (1): 74â89.
Markram, H., J. Lubke, M. Frotscher, and B. Sakmann. 1997. Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs.
Science,
275 (5297): 213.
Marr, D. 1971. Simple memory: A theory for archicortex.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences,
262 (841): 23â81.
Martin, G. M. 1971. Brief proposal on immortality: An interim solution.
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine,
14 (2): 339.
Mashour, G. A., E. E. Walker, and R. L. Martuza. 2005. Psychosurgery: Past, present, and future.
Brain Research Reviews,
48 (3): 409â419.
Masland, R. H. 2001. Neuronal diversity in the retina.
Current Opinion in Neurobiology,
11 (4): 431â436.
Mathern, G. W. 2010. Cerebral hemispherectomy.
Neurology,
75 (18): 1578.
Maughan, R. J., J. S. Watson, and J. Weir. 1983. Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle.
Journal of Physiology,
338 (1): 37.
Matzelle, T. R., H. Gnaegi, A. Ricker, and R. Reichelt. 2003. Characterization of the cutting edge of glass and diamond knives for ultramicrotomy by scanning force microscopy using cantilevers with a defined tip geometry: Part 2.
Journal of Microscopy,
209 (2): 113â117.
Mazur, P. 1988. Stopping biological time.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
541 (1): 514â531.
Mazur, P., W. F. Rall, and N. Rigopoulos. 1981. Relative contributions of the fraction of unfrozen water and of salt concentration to the survival of slowly frozen human erythrocytes.
Biophysical Journal,
36 (3): 653â675.
McClelland, J. L., and D. E. Rumelhart. 1981. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings.
Psychological Review,
88 (5): 375.
McDaniel, M. A. 2005. Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence.
Intelligence,
33 (4): 337â346.
Mechelli, A., J. T. Crinion, U. Noppeney, J. O'Doherty, J. Ashburner, R. S. Frackowiak, and C. J. Price. 2004. Neurolinguistics: Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain.
Nature,
431 (7010): 757.
Mendez, I., A. Viñuela, A. Astradsson, K. Mukhida, P. Hallett, H. Robertson, T. Tierney, R. Holness, A. Dagher, J. Q. Trojanowski, et al. 2008. Dopamine neurons implanted into people with Parkinson's disease survive without pathology for 14 years.
Nature Medicine,
14 (5): 507â509.
Merkle, R. C. 1992. The technical feasibility of cryonics.
Medical Hypotheses,
39 (1): 6â16.
Mesulam, M. M. 1998. From sensation to cognition.
Brain,
121 (6): 1013.
Meyer, M. P., and S. J. Smith. 2006. Evidence from in vivo imaging that synaptogenesis guides the growth and branching of axonal arbors by two distinct mechanisms.
Journal of Neuroscience,
26 (13): 3604.
Mezard, M., G. Parisi, and M. A. Virasoro. 1987.
Spin glass theory and beyond.
Singapore: World Scientific.
Micale, M. S. 1985. The Salpêtrière in the age of Charcot: An institutional perspective on medical history in the late nineteenth century.
Journal of Contemporary History,
20 (4): 703â731.
Middleton, F. A., and P. L. Strick. 2000. Basal ganglia output and cognition: Evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies.
Brain and Cognition,
42 (2): 183â200.
Miles, M., and D. Beer. 1996. Pakistan's microcephalic chuas of Shah Daulah: Cursed, clamped, or cherished.
History of Psychiatry,
7 (28, pt. 4): 571.
Miller, K. D. 1996. Synaptic economics: Competition and cooperation in correlation-based synaptic plasticity.
Neuron,
17: 371â374.
Minsky, M. 2006.
The emotion machine.
New York: Simon & Schuster.
Mochida, G. H., and C. A. Walsh. 2001. Molecular genetics of human microcephaly.
Current Opinion in Neurology,
14 (2): 151.
âââ . 2004. Genetic basis of developmental malformations of the cerebral cortex.
Archives of Neurology,
61 (5): 637.
Mochizuki, H. 2009. Parkin gene therapy.
Parkinsonism and Related Disorders,
15: S43-S45.
Mohr, J. P. 1976. Broca's area and Broca's aphasia. In Haiganoosh Whitaker and Harry A. Whitaker, eds.,
Studies in neurolinguistics,
vol. 1,
Perspectives in neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics,
pp. 201â235. New York: Academic Press.
Mooney, R., and J. F. Prather. 2005. The HVC microcircuit: The synaptic basis for interactions between song motor and vocal plasticity pathways.
Journal of Neuroscience,
25 (8): 1952â1964.
Morgan, S., P. Grootendorst, J. Lexchin, C. Cunningham, and D. Greyson. 2011. The cost of drug development: A systematic review.
Health Policy,
100 (1): 4â17.
Murphy, B. P., Y. C. Chung, T. W. Park, and P. D. McGorry. 2006. Pharmacological treatment of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A systematic review.
Schizophrenia Research,
88 (1â3): 5â25.
Murphy, T. H., and D. Corbett. 2009. Plasticity during stroke recovery: From synapse to behaviour.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
10 (12): 861â872.
Myrdal, G. 1997. The Nobel Prize in economic science.
Challenge,
20 (1): 50â52.
Nehlig, A. 2010. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,
20 (Supp): S85âS94.
Nelson, S. B., K. Sugino, and C. M. Hempel. 2006. The problem of neuronal cell types: A physiological genomics approach.
Trends in Neurosciences,
29 (6): 339â345.
Nestler, E. J., and S. E. Hyman. 2010. Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Nature Neuroscience,
13 (10): 1161â1169.
Newhouse, P. A., A. Potter, and A. Singh. 2004. Effects of nicotinic stimulation on cognitive performance.
Current Opinion in Pharmacology,
4 (1): 36â46.
Nicolelis, M. 2007. Living with Ghostly Limbs.
Scientific American Mind,
18 (6): 52â59.
O'Connell, M. R. 1997.
Blaise Pascal: Reasons of the heart.
Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
Oddo, S., A. Caccamo, J. D. Shepherd, M. P. Murphy, T. E. Golde, R. Kayed, R. Metherate, M. P. Mattson, Y. Akbari, and F. M. LaFerla. 2003. Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease with plaques and tangles: Intracellular Aβ and synaptic dysfunction.
Neuron,
39 (3): 409â421.
Olanow, C. W., C. G. Goetz, J. H. Kordower, A. J. Stoessl, V. Sossi, M. F. Brin, K. M. Shannon, G. M. Nauert, D. P. Perl, J. Godbold, et al. 2003. A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease.
Annals of Neurology,
54 (3): 403â414.
Olshausen, B. A., C. H. Anderson, and D. C. Van Essen. 1993. A neurobiological model of visual attention and invariant pattern recognition based on dynamic routing of information.
Journal of Neuroscience,
13 (11): 4700â4719.
Olson, C. B. 1988. A possible cure for death.
Medical Hypotheses,
26 (1): 77â84.
Pakkenberg, B., and H. J. Gundersen. 1997. Neocortical neuron number in humans: Effect of sex and age.
Journal of Comparative Neurology,
384 (2): 312.
Passingham, R. E., K. E. Stephan, and R. Kötter. 2002. The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
3 (8): 606â616.
Paterniti, Michael. 2000.
Driving Mr. Albert: A trip across America with Einstein's brain.
New York: Dial.
Paul, L. K., W. S. Brown, R. Adolphs, J. M. Tyszka, L. J. Richards, P. Mukherjee, and E. H. Sherr. 2007. Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
8 (4): 287â299.
Pearson, K. 1906. On the relationship of intelligence to size and shape of head, and to other physical and mental characters.
Biometrika,
5 (1â2): 105.
âââ . 1924.
The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton.
Vol. 2,
Researches of middle life.
London: Cambridge University Press.
Peck, D. T. 1998. Anatomy of an historical fantasy: The Ponce de León fountain of youth legend.
Revista de Historia de América,
123: 63â87.
Penfield, W., and E. Boldrey. 1937. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation.
Brain,
60 (4): 389.
Penfield, W., and T. Rasmussen. 1952.
The cerebral cortex of man.
New York: Macmillan.
Petrie, W. M. F. 1883.
The pyramids and temples of Gizeh.
London: Field & Tuer.
Pew Forum on Religion. 2010. Religion among the millennials. Technical report, Pew Research Center, Feb.