Authors: Sverre Bagge
The Saga of Hakon and a Fragment of the Saga of Magnus with Appendices,
trans. G. W. Dasent,
Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ãvi Scriptores
vol. 88.4 (London 1894, repr. 1964).
The Saga of King Sverri of Norway,
trans. J. Sephton (London: David Nuff, 1899).
Saxo,
Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes,
trans. by Peter Fisher, ed. by Hilda Ellis Davidson vols. 1â2 (Cambridge: Brewer, 1979).
Strengleikar: An Old Norse Translation of Twenty-One Old French Lais,
ed. and trans. by Robert Cook and Mattias Tveitane (Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftinstitutt, 1979).
Chapter 5: The Later Middle Ages: Agrarian Crisis, Constitutional Conflicts, and Scandinavian Unions
On the Black Death, the late medieval desertion, and late medieval society, see
CHS,
pp. 559â675. Svend Gissel et al.,
Desertion and Land Colonization in the Nordic Countries, ca. 1300â1600: Comparative Report from the Scandinavian Research Project on Deserted Farms and Villages
(Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1981) presents the main results of the Scandinavian project on the agrarian crisis.
The unions and conflicts in the Later Middle Ages are dealt with in
CHS
, pp. 679â770. Most of the more specialist literature is in the Scandinavian languages: Kristian Erslev,
Danmarks Historie under Dronning Margrethe og hendes nærmeste Efterfølgere,
vols. 1â2 (Copenhagen: Jacob Erslev, 1882â1901); Erik Lönnroth,
Sverige och Kalmarunionen 1397â1457
(Gothenburg: Akademiförlaget, 1969 [orig. 1934]); Lars-Olof Larsson,
Kalmarunionens tid: Från drottning Margareta till Kristian II
(Stockholm:
Rabén Prisma, 1997), who differs from Lönnroth on several important points; and, most recently, Harald Gustafsson,
Gamla riken, nya stater. Statsbildning, politisk kultur och identiteter under Kalmarunionens upplösningsskede, 1512â1541
(Stockholm: Atlantis, 2000). On the explanation of the decline of Hungary in the early sixteenth century as a result of the strength of the aristocracy, see Engel,
The Realm of St. Stephen,
pp. 345â71.
Unless otherwise indicated, all translations of the sources are my own.
INDEX
A Speech against the Bishops,
120
,
121
,
219
Abel, King of Denmark (1250â52),
42
,
146
,
162
,
163
Ã
bo,
46
Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde, Archbishop of Lund,
40
,
82
,
85
,
170
,
212
Achilles,
12
Adam of Bremen,
63
Aegidius Romanus,
220
Aethelred, King of England,
31
Agnes, daughter of King HÃ¥kon V of Norway,
155
Agnes, Queen of Denmark,
163
agriculture,
9
,
10
,
11
,
133
,
134
,
139
Albrecht of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden (1364â89),
244
â
46
Alexander III, King of Scotland,
44
,
240
Alfred, King of England,
22
,
25
,
131
Alsnö stadga
(the Statute of Alsnö,
111
Amalekites,
78
American Revolution,
283
Anders Sunesen, Archbishop of Lund,
74
,
82
,
180
Andrew III, King of Hungary,
239
Annales School,
4
Ansgar, missionary, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen,
25
,
63
Anund Jakob, King of Sweden (d. c. 1050),
33
Arab world,
23
Arinbjørn, Norwegian chieftain,
87
aristocracy, culture of,
176
,
231
,
223
,
228
,
231
; formation of,
56
,
121
,
123
,
149
,
216
,
218
,
226
,
235
,
270
,
271
; political role of,
48
,
50
,
58
,
66
,
85
,
92
,
93
,
129
,
140
,
146
â
49
,
152
,
157
,
160
â
65
,
167
,
168
,
172
,
219
,
235
,
245
,
246
,
248
,
249
,
251
â
54
,
256
â
61
,
263
,
272
,
274
,
275
,
277
,
278
,
280
,
281
,
284
,
286
,
287
,
289
; privileges of,
92
,
111
,
265
; and religion,
70
,
77
,
98
,
179
,
194
,
201
; revenues of,
122
,
123
,
130
,
133
,
139
,
234
; stratification of,
116
,
234
,
279
,
281
Aristotle,
121
,
150
,
180
,
219
â
22
Asbjørn, Norwegian chieftain,
17
â
20
Ã
sle, Battle of,
246
assemblies, local,
71
,
91
,
92
; national,
44
,
55
,
148
,
149
,
255
,
257
,
272
,
280
; provincial,
87
,
103
Athalstan, King of England,
153
authority,
2
,
20
,
91
,
102
â
04
,
106
,
143
,
156
,
158
,
168
,
169
,
187
,
270
,
275
,
280
ballads,
223
Beckett, Samuel,
229
Bergen,
112
,
118
,
132
,
133
â
35
,
137
â
39
,
143
,
158
,
176
,
177
Bergenhus Castle,
287
Berg-Onund,
87
big man,
19
Birger, Earl of Sweden (d. 1266),
56
,
57
Birger Gunnersen, Archbishop of Lund,
278
Birger Magnusson, King of Sweden (1290â1319),
116
,
148
,
150
,
155
,
161
,
163
,
164
,
171
,
215
â
18
,
241
,
242
,
245
,
269
Birger Persson, Birgitta's father,
196
birth, illegitimate,
54
,
87
,
153
,
154
,
240
; legitimate,
2
,
53
,
54
,
87
,
154
,
238
,
239
bishops,
2
,
40
,
54
,
77
,
84
,
85
,
130
,
137
,
143
,
149
,
157
,
160
,
161
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
202
,
207
,
234
,
235
,
237
,
251
,
259
,
261
,
272
,
277
,
279
â
81
,
284
â
86
Bismarck, Otto von,
7
Black Death,
9
,
113
,
122
,
193
,
232
,
236
,
281
,
287
Bloodbath of Stockholm,
259
,
282
Bluetooth dynasty,
34
Bo Jonsson Grip, Swedish magnate,
246
Bohus Castle,
287
Boleslaw, Duke of Pomerania,
256
Bolin, Sture,
23
Bornhøved, Battle of,
42
Brandenburg,
7
British Isles,
36
Brunkeberg, Battle of,
258
bureaucracy,
3
,
59
,
60
,
72
,
78
,
83
,
84
,
119
,
140
,
143
,
147
,
161
canons,
79
,
80
,
137
,
141
,
207
,
234
,
281
,
286
castellans,
146
,
147
,
236
,
255
,
269
,
281
Castile,
267
castles,
42
,
107
,
114
,
116
â
18
,
128
,
129
,
135
,
147
,
166
,
244
,
269
,
272
,
281
,
287
,
288
cathedral chapters,
72
,
80
,
137
,
281
Charles I of Anjou, King of Hungary,
239
Charles II, King of Hungary,
239
Charles III, King of France,
22
chivalry,
59
,
217
,
223
,
226
,
229
,
282
, rules of,
59
,
170
,
217
Chretien de Troyes,
223