Cruel World (103 page)

    1.
Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
, p. 796.

    2.
Kershaw,
Hitler
, p. 353; Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide
, p. 147.

    3.
Kershaw,
Hitler
, p. 957, n. 6.

    4.
Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
, p. 830.

    5.
Ibid., p. 854.

    6.
Ibid., pp. 830–31.

    7.
See Omer Bartov,
The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare
(Oxford, 1985), Chapter 3.

    8.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-1805,
Der Untermensch
, Nordland Verlag, undated.

    9.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-4274, 11 July 1941.

  10.
Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, p. 104.

  11.
Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin
, pp. 720–22.

  12.
Alexander Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(New York, 1984), pp. 162–64.

  13.
NKVD Order No. 270, 16 August 1941; see also Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin
, p. 723, and Gerald Reitlinger,
The House Built on Sand: The Conflicts of German Policy in Russia, 1939–1945
(New York, 1960), p. 103.

  14.
Werth,
Russia at War
, pp. 216–18.

  15.
Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina,
Writing the Seige of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs, and Documentary Prose
(Pittsburgh, 2002), p. xiii.

  16.
Harrison E. Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
(New York, 1985), pp. 105, 143, 205–6.

  17.
Interview Elena Bovisovna Delone, Moscow, 2000.

  18.
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, pp. 168–69.

  19.
Ibid., p. 305, statement of A. Veresov.

  20.
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, pp. 247, 327, 337.

  21.
Werth,
Russia at War
, pp. 239–40.

  22.
IMT
, Vol. 37, p. 672. Stahlecker Doc. 180-L, cited in Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide
, pp. 171–72.

  23.
Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, pp. 116–18.

  24.
Nuremberg Doc. PS-2992, here as cited in Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 823, pp. 1100–1101.

  25.
These figures taken largely from Reitlinger,
The House Built on Sand
, Chapter 3.

  26.
Ibid., p. 100. See also
FRUS
, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 1005–1018, for American efforts to persuade the Russians to adhere to the conventions.

  27.
Reitlinger,
The House Built on Sand
, p. 118.

  28.
See, for example, Antony Beevor,
Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942–1943
(New York, 1999), Chapter 24.

  29.
Ernst Kern,
War Diary, 1941–45: A Report
(New York, 1993), pp. 19–20.

  30.
I. Fleischhauer and B. Pinkus, edited by E. R. Frankel,
The Soviet Germans Past and Present
(London, 1986), pp. 90–91.

  31.
Ibid., pp. 89–91, statement of Evegeniia Evelson.

  32.
Ibid., pp. 78–91, and Robert Conquest,
The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities
(London, 1970), pp. 64–66.

  33.
Fleischhauer et al.,
The Soviet Germans Past and Present
, p. 78; Conquest,
The Nation Killers
, pp. 107–9.

  34.
Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, p. 136.

  35.
Kern,
War Diary
, Chapter 1.

  36.
Bartov,
The Eastern Front
, pp. 125–28.

  37.
Werth,
Russia at War
, Chapter 4.

  38.
NA RG 59 T1250/20, 861.48/2540, letter dated 4 October 1941, US legation, Bern, 21 November 1941.

  39.
NA RG 59 T1250/20, 861.48/2488, Dienst aus Deutschland, US embassy, Berlin, 3 September 1941.

  40.
Bartov,
The Eastern Front
, p. 112.

  41.
Kern,
War Diary
, pp. 22–23.

  42.
Olga Berggolts, cited in Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, p. 339.

  43.
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, pp. 372–73.

  44.
Yulia Aronova Mendeleva, “Excerpt from
The Defense of Leningrad,”
in Simmons and Perlina,
Writing the Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 156–62.

  45.
Simmons and Perlina,
Writing the Seige of Leningrad
, p. xvii.

  46.
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, p. 415.

  47.
Ibid., p. 380.

  48.
Ibid., p. 386.

  49.
Ibid., p. 416.

  50.
Interview, Mikhail Ostrovsky, Moscow, 2000.

  51.
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, pp. 490–91, statements of Dr. Milova and A. N. Mironova.

  52.
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, pp. 484, 513–18.

  53.
NA RG 59 T1250/23, 861.5018/53, 2 April 1942.

  54.
Kershaw,
Hitler
, pp. 360–69.

  55.
Interview A. Lykiardopoulos, Athens, July 1998.

  56.
Interview A. Lagoudaki, Arlington, Virginia, 1997.

  57.
PRO FO 371/32460, S. Petropoulos, Banque Agricole de Grece, Note 11/17/41.

  58.
Mark Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944
(New Haven, CT, 1993), Chapter 3.

  59.
Two major Red Cross reports analyze the situation in Greece in 1941–42: PRO 371/32460/W3831, “Rapport sur la situation en Grece,” Alexander Junod, 31 January 1942; and PRO 371/36485/51572, “Exposition of the Food Situation in Greece,” A. Tsaousopoulos, 12 November 1942. Here, Tsaousopoulos, p. 2.

  60.
PRO FO 371/33175/51557, British Legation Berne, No. 13/10/42, 14 January 1942, and No. 13/84/42, 21 March 1942.

  61.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 634, pp. 901–2.

  62.
PRO FO 371/33175/51557, Smyrna report No. 877, 26 December 1941; A. C. Simonds, GSI GHQ, MEF to N. R. Crockatt, War Office, 30 January 1942.

  63.
FRUS
, 1942, Vol. 2, p. 726, Greek Minister to SecState, 24 December 1941.

  64.
PRO 371/32460/W 3831, Junod report, p. 10.

  65.
PRO 371/36485/51572, Tsaousopoulos report, p. 10.

  66.
Ibid., p. 14.

  67.
N. Deas Archive, Benaki Museum, Athens, 262/3/3–3a, 7/23/42.

  68.
Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, p. 46.

  69.
FRUS
, 1942, Vol. 2, pp. 749–50.

  70.
FRUS
, 1941, Vol. 2, p. 89ff., “Concern of the United States over Franco-German Collaboration and the Matter of Furnishing Food and Medical Relief to Unoccupied France.”

  71.
Ibid., p. 190; SecState to Winant, 21 August 1941.

  72.
Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
, pp. 666–68, 915; see also p. 1170, n. 16.

  73.
New York Times
, 23 June 1941.

  74.
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II
(New York, 1995), p. 236.

  75.
Ibid., pp. 255–56.

  76.
For extensive correspondence on aid to the USSR, see NA RG 59/T1250, Reels 20, 21.

  77.
NA RG 59/T1250/20, 861.48/2492, 11 September 1941.

  78.
NA RG 59/T1250/20, 861,48/2744, J. E. Hoover to A. Berle, 13 January 1943.

  79.
NA RG 59/T1250/20, 861.48/2505, 22 October 1941.

  80.
NA RG 59/T1250/20, 861.48/2519A, 2525–27, 5–17 November 1941.

  81.
NA RG 59/T1250/20, 861.48/2556 and passim, T1250/23 861.5018/48, 53.

  82.
NA RG 59/T1250/20, 861.48/2619, 13 November 1942; 2632 February 42; 2715 21, August 1943.

  83.
NA RG 59/T1250/21, 861.48/2719, 3 September 1943.

  84.
Interview, Klose family, Moscow, 2000.

  85.
NA RG 59/T1250/21, 861.48/Rci/43–12.21, 21 December 1943.

  86.
FRUS
, 1942 Vol. 2, p. 724, SecState to Winant, 3 December 1941.

  87.
PRO FO 371/32460/51593 W 3329, and various others.

  88.
PRO FO 371/36485/51572 W64, 30 December 1942.

  89.
Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, pp. 47–48; Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews
, p. 281.

  90.
N. Deas Archive, Benaki Museum, Athens, 262/3/12.

  91.
For detailed histories of the German occupation policy in the USSR, see Alexander Dallin,
German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945
(London, 1957), and Reitlinger,
The House Built on Sand
.

  92.
Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, pp. 136–37.

  93.
NA RG 238 M894/16 Doc. NO-5223.

  94.
Dallin,
German Rule in Russia
, p. 284.

  95.
Ibid., p. 285.

  96.
NA RG 238 M894/16, “Report of Activities,” 19 July 1942, Doc. NO-3727.

  97.
NA RG 242 T81/277/398071,
Frankfurter Zeitung
, 8/14/42.

  98.
NA RG 242 T580, Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums. Reels 745 and 746 contain day-to-day working documents for the establishment and administration of the Hegewald settlement. This account draws from hundreds of them; therefore, only long citations will be noted.

  99.
NA RG 242 T580/745, memo, “Waldgut Zman,” 9/12/42.

100.
NA RG 242 T580/745, 10/8/45.

101.
NA RG 242 T580/745, “Unterlagen des Sonderstabes für den Bericht des Gebiethauptmanns Hegewald an Reichsführer SS,” 11/20/42, p. 2.

102.
Koehl,
RKFDV
, pp. 152–53.

103.
NA RG 242 T 580/751, Hauptabteilung I Dr. St/Em, Memo, “Planung im Generalgouvernement-Distrikt Lublin,” 7/22/42.

104.
Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide
, p. 185.

105.
Klukowski,
Diary from the Years of Occupation
, summer and fall 1942, quotation, October 27, p. 222.

106.
Ibid., 14 November 1942, p. 224.

107.
“Arbeitsanweisung für das Polensammellager Zamosc,” 10/31/42, SLG Polen BD 339 s.214–17; in Milton and Friedlander, eds.,
Archives of the Holocaust
, Vol. 22, Doc. 57, p. 135.

108.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Josef Rembacz testimony, Doc. NO-5266; Zwirner affidavit.

109.
Lukas,
The Forgotten Holocaust
, p. 22.

110.
Kubica, “Children and Youths at KL Auschwitz,” pp. 131–32.

111.
Lukas,
The Forgotten Holocaust
, p. 23.

112.
Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, p. 217.

113.
Koehl,
RKFDV
, pp. 154–60.

114.
Klukowski,
Diary from the Years of Occupation
, 8 December 1942, p. 231.

115.
NA RG 242 T580/745, Sonderstab Henschel, “Unterlagen des Sonderstabes für den Bericht des Gebiethauptmanns Hegewald and Reichsführer-SS,” 11/20/42.

116.
NA RG 242 T580/745, Sonderstab Henschel, “Merkblatt für die Durchführung der Volksweinachtsfeiern in den Dörfen des Gebietes Hegewald,” undated.

117.
Werth,
Russia at War
, p. 897.

118.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Docs. NO-1257, Pohl Report, 6 February 1943; NO-606, Himmler to Pohl, Acktun to Brandt, 27 November 1942.

119.
NA RG 242 T580/745, “Wohnungsverhältnisse der im Herbst 1942 umgesiedelten Ukrainer aus dem Gebiet Hegewald,” 9 May 1943.

120.
NA RG 242 T580/745, NSDAP Landesleitung Ukraine to Henschel, 7/17/43.

121.
NA RG 242 T580/745, Tölke, Office of Reichstudentenführer, Einsatzleitung Ost to Leiterin der Landfrauenschule, Wittigen b. Gnesen, 6/29/43.

122.
NA RG 242 T580/745 “Aktenvermerk. Betr.: Landfrauenschule Wittingen,” 8/16/43.

123.
D. Czech, H. Kubica, and F. Piper, in Piper and Swiebocka, eds.,
Auschwitz
, pp. 31, 134, 165–66.

124.
This account of the policies of deployment of Soviet POWs and civilians is taken largely from Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, Chapter 6.

125.
IMT
, Nuremberg Docs. 1193-PS and 1206-PS, Vol. 27, pp. 56ff. and 65–66, as cited ibid., p. 149.

126.
Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, pp. 156–57.

127.
Ibid., p. 161.

128.
Cited ibid., p. 175, Doc. 081-PS,
IMT
, Vol. 25, pp. 164–65.

129.
NA RG 242 T454/3, “Programm sur Verkündung des Weissruthenischen Jugendwerkes,” 22 June 1943.

130.
Memorial, Moscow, Dossier No. 345504.

131.
Interview, Vladimir Kuts, Moscow, 2000.

132.
Memorial, Dossier No. 215662.

133.
Interview, Aldona Valinskaya, Moscow, 2000.

134.
Reitlinger,
The House Built on Sand
, p. 235; Werth,
Russia at War
, p. 724.

135.
NA RG 238M894/16, Doc. NO-2513, “Summary of Hitherto Existing Decrees and Suggestions with Regard to Placing of Children of Partisans,” 13 July 1943.

136.
Himmler Order, 10 July 1943, attached to Doc. NI-10040, Krauch to Himmler, 27 July 1943,
IMT
, Vol. 8, pp.532–34.