Cruel World (106 page)

119.
UNRRA History of Child Welfare, Exhibit 14, UNRRA Team 182, “Yugoslav Children Admitted to DP Children’s Center, March 28, 1946,” Henshaw, 10 April 1946; UNA S-0437–0013/11, “Unaccompanied Children—XII Corps. American Friends Report,” L. Pinsky, 27 October 1945.

120.
UNA S-0524–0048 PAG-4/4.2:24, UNRRA Historian Subject Files, 1944–1947. Austria Child Welfare. DP Program No. 20. Report by Anita Brownlee. “Jugoslav Children and Rome,” pp. 18–30.

121.
Ibid., pp. 7–12 and enclosures 24–30, “White Russian Children and the USSR.”

122.
Chaya Brasz,
Removing the Yellow Badge: The Struggle for a Jewish Community in the Postwar Netherlands, 1944–1955
(Jerusalem, 1995), pp. 46–47.

123.
Elma Verhey,
Om het Joodse Kind
(Amsterdam, 1991), Chapter 2.

124.
Brasz,
Removing the Yellow Badge
, p. 67.

125.
NIOD 197K/6/4a, Herzog to van der Molen/OPK, 3 February 1946.

126.
Brasz,
Removing the Yellow Badge
, pp. 74–85.

127.
NIOD 197K/4a, Herzog to Prime Minister, 12 July 1946.

128.
Van der Molen Archive, Historische Documentatiecentrum voor het Nederlands Protestantisme, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (HDNP), 30 July 1946, cited in Verhey,
Om het Joodse Kind
, pp. 133–34.

129.
Verhey,
Om het Joodse Kind
, pp. 128–29; Brasz,
Removing the Yellow Badge
, p. 69.

130.
NIOD 197k/6/4a, passim.

131.
NIOD 197k/6d, County Court of Rotterdam, 3 June 1946.

132.
NIOD 197k/2/2c, Excerpt from OPK report on Max G., undated.

133.
NIOD 197K/6d, “The Case of the Dutch-Jewish War Orphans, Pereira and Spier,” May 1954.

134.
NIOD 197K/6/6b, various press clippings re A. Beekman.

135.
UNA PAG-4/4.2:82 S0524–0106 UNRRA Historian Subject Files 1944–47, DP-BR-21, Dorothy Pearse, Historical Documentation of Child Welfare Services in British Zone, German Ops, undated, pp. 34–35.

136.
UNRRA History of Child Welfare, p. 43.

137.
Winslow Papers, John Troniak, UNRRA Team 1048, Regensburg, “The Beginning of Child Search,” 12 April 1947, p. 3.

138.
UNRRA History of Child Welfare, testimony of Sister Reinelis, 9 April 1946, Exhibit 43, p. 14.

139.
UNRRA History of Child Welfare, Exhibits 52–54.

140.
UNA S-0524–0048, UNRRA Historian, Austria-Child Welfare in DP Program No. 20, Wilhelmina van Dop, “Report: SS Lebensborn Activities in Upper Austria. Children’s Home Alpenland, Oberweiss,” 11 March 1947.

141.
UNRRA History of Child Welfare, p. 46.

142.
Winslow Papers, UNRRA Team 566, “Our Work—Our Task,” Interviewing of Unaccompanied Children, S. Butrym, April 1946.

143.
Winslow Papers, Eileen Davidson to Winslow, 22 January 1948.

144.
Winslow Papers, Minutes of Staff Meeting, 10 November 1947, PCIRO HQ, Ludwigsburg.

145.
Winslow Papers, Cornelia Heise to Winslow, 6 December 1947.

146.
Winslow Papers, Eileen Davidson, “Removal from German Families of Allied Children. Reasons Why This Is to the Best Interest of the Child,” 21 January 1948.

147.
UNA S-0524–0048, Austria No. 20, “Child Searching in the French Zone,” H. Weitz, 1 April 1947.

148.
UNRRA History of Child Welfare, pp. 51–56. Also, on this complex issue, see UNA S-0524–0018, UNRRA Historian Subject File, 1944–1947, Germany (CHQ), Eileen Blackey, “UNRRA Closure Report on United Nations’ Unaccompanied Children in Germany,” June 1947, Sections 3 and 4.

149.
Gitta Sereny, “Stolen Children,”
Talk Magazine
, November 1999, p. 221.

150.
Sereny,
Albert Speer
, p. 215.

151.
UNA S-0524–0048, Austria No. 20, “Report on Repatriation Train to Poland,” 20 March 1947, Martin Sherry.

152.
Winslow Papers, International Tracing Service—Child Search Branch, “Correspondence Between a Polish Mother and Her Daughter, 1941–48,” 9 November 1948.

153.
Winslow Papers, Case of Iwan P., HICOG Court Session, Marburg, 6 June 1951,
unidentified clipping enclosed in letter from J. Troniak to Winslow, 29 June 1951.

154.
Winslow Papers, ITS Child Search Branch, Herbert H. Meyer, “History of the Search for Unaccompanied Children,” 11 September 1950.

155.
PRO FO 1013/2108/51593, BAOR S. Ault “Review of PW and DP Work up to December 1947,” 11 June 1948; also, Wyman,
DP
, pp. 188–95.

156.
E. G. Harrison, “The Crime of Our Century,”
The Displaced Persons Digest
(Winter 1947–48), pp. 3–4.

157.
Wyman,
DP
, pp. 194–95; McCullough,
Truman
, p. 651.

158.
Wyman,
DP
, p. 203.

159.
Winslow Papers, Marie B. Wills, “Survey of Mentally and Physically Handicapped Children and Rehabilitation Program,” Child Care Section, Zone HQ, 10 January 1950.

160.
Winslow Papers, L. Findlay to Philip Ryan, Chief of Operations, IRO, U.S. Zone, 23 January 1950.

161.
S. Tomara, “Village of Displaced Children,”
New York Herald Tribune
, 5 July 1951.

    1.
Von Hassell,
Hostage of the Third Reich
, Chapter 16; conversations with Corrado and Cecile Pirzio Biroli.

    2.
Bourke-White,
“Dear Fatherland Rest Quietly,”
pp. 49–50.

    3.
NA RG 260 ETO/USFET, 54 9th Mil. Gov. Gatling, transmittal of death certificate, 18 April 1945.

    4.
Bourke-White,
“Dear Fatherland Rest Quietly,”
p. 45.

    5.
Ilya Ehrenburg articles cited in Werth,
Russia at War
, p. 965.

    6.
Wolfgang Samuel,
German Boy: A Refugee’s Story
(Jackson, MS, 2000), p. 175; Scheider,
Documents on the Expulsion
, No. 208, p. 227.

    7.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
Prussian Nights
, trans. Robert Conquest (New York, 1977), p. 7, cited in Norman M. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
(Cambridge, MA, 1997), p. 73.

    8.
Shirer,
End of a Berlin Diary
, pp. 131, 146.

    9.
Owings,
Frauen
, p. 131.

  10.
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, p. 323.

  11.
Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, pp. 473–74.

  12.
Holtztrager,
Die Wehrertüchtigungslager der Hitler-Jugend
, pp. 101–2.

  13.
Walker Hancock, “Experiences of a Monuments Officer in Germany,”
College Art Journal
5:4 (May 1946), pp. 274–76.

  14.
Boston Herald
,16 July 1945
; UNRRA History of Child Welfare
, pp. 57–59.

  15.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 250.

  16.
See Heck,
A Child of Hitler
, Chapter 11.

  17.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, pp. 244–49.

  18.
Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, Chapters 15 and Chapters 16.

  19.
There are several studies of the children of the Nazi leaders. See, for example, Dan Bar-On,
Legacy of Silence: Encounters with Children of the Third Reich
(Cambridge, MA, 1991); Stephan Lebert and Norbert Lebert,
My Father’s Keeper: Children of the Nazi Leaders—An Intimate History of Damage and Denial
(New York, 2001).

  20.
Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
, Chapter 14; Kern,
War Diary
, pp. 43–52.

  21.
For full text of this directive, usually referred to as “JCS 1067,” despite many permutations, see 90th Congress, 1st Session, Committee on the Judiciary, United
States Senate, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 20 Nov. 1967; Morgenthau diary, Vol. 2, pp. 1287–1303.

  22.
Ibid., pp. 1294–95.

  23.
Interview, Ruth Anderson Katz, Washington, DC., 2000–2001.

  24.
A. F. Noskova, “Migration of the Germans After the Second World War: Political and Psychological Aspects,” and S. Schraut, “Make the Germans Do It: The Refugee Problem in the American Zone of Post-War Germany,” in Rieber, ed.,
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe
.

  25.
Winston S. Churchill,
The Second World War
. Vol. 6:
Triumph and Tragedy
(Boston, 1953), pp. 647–48.

  26.
Schechtman, “Resettlement of Transferred Volksdeutsche in Germany,” p. 262.

  27.
T. J. Kent, “Report on Berlin, 1945,” reprint from
Journal of American Institute of Planners
, Winter 1946; collection of Ruth Anderson Katz.

  28.
Winslow Papers, Eileen Davidson to Richard Winslow, 16 December 1945.

  29.
Ruth Anderson Katz, “Letter to My Family,” Berlin, 20 October 1945, and “Berlin, 1946,” collection of author.

  30.
Schechtman, “Resettlement of Transferred Volksdeutsche in Germany,” pp. 265–66.

  31.
PRO FO 1013/2103 51593, HQ Military Gov. Land North Rhine/Westphalia, PWDP Branch, Monthly Report ending 30 September 1946, Appendix O.

  32.
PRO FO 1013/2092 51593, CRX Report, 11 September 1946.

  33.
Schechtman, “Resettlement of Transferred Volksdeutsche in Germany,” p. 267, n. 13;
Central European Observer
(London), 3 April 1947.

  34.
Schechtman, “Resettlement of Transferred Volksdeutsche in Germany,” p. 270.

  35.
Susanne Spülbeck, “Ethnography of an Encounter: Reactions to Refugees in Post-War Germany and Russian Migrants after Re-Unification—Context Analogies and Changes,” in Rieber,
Forced Migration
, pp. 177–78.

  36.
Ibid., p. 271.

  37.
PRO FO 1013/2103 51593, Der Regierungs-Präsident to Mil. Gov. Regierungsbezirk, Düsseldorf, 9 September 1946.

  38.
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, p. 195.

  39.
Samuel,
German Boy
, p. 135.

  40.
Ibid., passim.

  41.
UNA S-0524–0001 PAG-4/4.0: 1 UNRRA Historian Subject Files, 1944–1947, “Excerpts from Richard Brown’s Diary of Trip with Congressmen, 21 Aug.-22 Sept., 1945.”

  42.
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, p. 410.

  43.
Ken Walsh, “The Revival of Youth Work,” in
The British in Germany: Educational Reconstruction After 1945
, ed. Arthur Hearnden (London, 1978).

  44.
R. A. Katz, letter home, February 1946, collection of author.

  45.
NA RG 200, Clay Papers, Box 10, NX 55599, McCloy to various, 10 October 1945.

  46.
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, pp. 436–37.

  47.
PRO FO 1013/2108 51593, Political Background Guidance No. 3, Appendix A to HQ/092324/Sec. P, 3 June 1946.

  48.
Lucius Clay,
Decision in Germany
(New York, 1950), pp. 276–77.

  49.
Victor Gollancz,
In Darkest Germany
(New York, 1947), p. 120.

  50.
PRO FO 1013/2103 51593, “Notes on Conference with Major General E. on 20 November 1946,” No. 38, p. 2.

  51.
R. A. Katz, letter, “Winter of ’46–’47,” collection of author.

  52.
McCullough,
Truman
, pp. 561–62.

  53.
Clay,
Decision in Germany
, pp. 268–70.

  54.
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, p. 438.

  55.
Macardle,
Children of Europe
, p. 210.

  56.
Ibid., pp. 288–89.

  57.
Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, pp. 382–85, 390–97.

  58.
Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, p. 277.

  59.
Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, p. 453.

  60.
New York Times
, 18 February 1946.

  61.
Walsh, “The Revival of Youth Work,” pp. 225–26.

  62.
OMGUS Military Government Weekly Information Bulletin, No. 16, 10 November 1945, p. 19.

  63.
Franklin M. Davis, Jr.,
Come as a Conqueror: The United States Army’s Occupation of Germany, 1945–49
(New York, 1967), p. 224.

  64.
Ibid., p. 229.

  65.
W. Phillips Davison,
The Berlin Blockade: A Study in Cold War Politics
(Princeton, NJ, 1958), p. 361.

  66.
Ann Tusa and John Tusa,
The Berlin Blockade
(London, 1989), pp. 343–44.

  67.
Ibid., pp. 344–45.

  68.
Ibid., p. 331.

  69.
McCullough,
Truman
, p. 563.

    1.
Interview, Vladimir Kuts, Moscow, 2000.

    2.
Interview, Nikolai Mahutov, Moscow, 2000.

    3.
UNA S-0437–0016 #9 UNRRA Germany Mission, UNRRA Mission to Poland: Warsaw, M. Lay to C. Heise, 29 April 1946.

    4.
Projektgruppe Belarus im Jugenclub Courage Köln e. V.,
“Dann kam die deutsche Macht,”
pp. 43–51, 60.

    5.
Katja Limbacher, Maike Merten, and Bettina Pfefferle, eds.,
Das Mädchenkonzentrationslager Uckermark
(Münster, 2000), “Wenn ich das gewust hätte, ware ich auch in den Wald gegangen,” interview with S. Burger-Kelih, September 1999, pp. 153–54.

    6.
Interview, Marian Helft, Washington, DC, 1996.

    7.
Gershon,
We Came as Children
, p. 113.

    8.
Levendel,
Not the Germans Alone
, pp. 130, 169.

    9.
Gershon,
We Came as Children
, pp. 113–14.

  10.
Ibid., p. 159.

  11.
IWM, Dept. of Documents, 96/26/1, Papers of Mrs. D. Pool, p. 6.

  12.
Bailey,
America Lost and Found
, p. 127.

  13.
Ibid., p. 147.

  14.
Interview and correspondence, JCW, 1999.

  15.
Stein,
Hidden Children
, p. 194.

  16.
Kindly provided to me by Fern Schad.

  17.
Gershon,
We Came as Children
, p. 103.

  18.
Studs Terkel,
“The Good War”: An Oral History of World War Two
(New York, 1985), p. 431.

  19.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 10b, Part 2, p. 1154.

  20.
Vrijenhoek,
Oorlogskinderen in Nederland
, p. 60, translation LHN.

  21.
Interview, Mance Post, Amsterdam, July 1999.