Defiant Spirits (57 page)

60. Quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
p. 95.

61. Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
p. 49.

62. Apollinaire,
Caligrammes: Poems of War and Peace,
p. 257.

63. Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
p. 49.

64. For a discussion of this reversion to the pastoral in Great War writings, see Fussell,
The Great War and Modern Memory,
p. 135.

65. Varley, quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
pp. 92, 93, 95, 100.

CHAPTER 8: THE DWELLER ON THE THRESHOLD

1. Quoted in Cane,
It Made You Think of Home,
p. 32.

2. Quoted in Adamson,
Lawren S. Harris,
p. 69.

3.
Saturday Night,
24 March 1917.

4. Lawren Harris, Woodend, Allandale,
ON
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, York Mills, August 1918,
MCAC
Archives.

5. See Betts,
Lawren Harris in the Ward.

6. Kandinsky,
Concerning the Spiritual in Art,
p. 2. On Christian Science in Canada,
see Patricia Jasen, “Mind, Medicine and the Christian Science Controversy in Canada,
1888–1910,”
Journal of Canadian Studies
32 (Winter 1998), pp. 5–20.

7.
New York Times,
13 January 1918.

8. The name Ashcan School was not coined until a 1934 article in
Art in America.

9. Quoted in Bennard B. Perlman,
The Lives, Loves, and Art of Arthur B. Davies
(Albany,
NY
:
SUNY
Press, 1998), p. 164. For The Eight's self-promotion and commercial success, see Zurier,
Picturing the City,
pp. 36–37.

10. Quoted in Zurier,
Picturing the City,
p. 37. Henri made this comment in 1916.

11.
New York Times,
6 January 1918.

12. Quoted in Perlman,
The Lives, Loves, and Art of Arthur B. Davies,
p. 165.

13. Ibid., pp. 63–64.

14. H.P. Blavatsky,
The Key to Theosophy
(Pasadena,
CA
: Theosophical University Press, 1989),
p. 63.

15. Salem Bland, quoted in Richard Allen,
The View from the Murney Tower: Salem Bland, the Late-Victorian Controversies, and the Search for a New Christianity
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 191.

16. See Christopher Bamford, ed.,
Spiritualism, Madame Blavatsky & Theosophy: An Eyewitness View of Occult History: Lectures by Rudolf Steiner
(Herndon,
VA
: Steiner Books, 2002), p. 31.

17. For Reid's involvement in the Theosophical Society, see Heather Murray,
Come, Bright Improvement! The Literary Societies of Nineteenth-Century Ontario
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), p. 116.

18.
New York Times,
8 January and 13 January 1918.

19.
University of Toronto Roll of Service, 1914–1918
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1921),
p. 62.

20. Lawren Harris, Woodend, Allandale,
ON
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, 7 August 1919,
MCAC
Archives.

21. Quoted in Adamson,
Lawren S. Harris,
p. 99.

22.
Saturday Night,
3 January 1914. For information on Earlscourt, see R. Harris,
Unplanned Suburbs,
pp. 1–3 passim.

23.
The Times,
29 August 1919.

24. Eates,
Paul Nash,
p. 21.

25.
Canadian Theosophist,
15 July 1926.

26. W. Campbell,
The Beauty, History, Romance and Mystery of the Canadian Lake Region,
p. 93.

27. Housser,
A Canadian Art Movement,
p. 138.

28. Lawren Harris, Woodend, Allandale,
ON
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, August 1918,
MCAC
Archives.

29. Brooke,
Letters from America,
pp. 99–100.

30. Lawren Harris, Woodend, Allandale,
ON
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, York Mills, undated letter [summer 1918], J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 3.

31. Ibid.

32. Lawren Harris, Woodend, Allandale,
ON
, to MacDonald, York Mills, 31 August 1918,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 3.

33.
The Rebel,
March 1918.

34. Lawren Harris, undated letter [summer 1918] to Frank Johnston, Mary Bishop Rodrik and Franz Johnston Collection,
R
320, Volume 1, File 7,
LAC
.

35. Lawren Harris, Woodend, Allandale,
ON
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, York Mills,
August 1918,
MCAC
Archives.

36. Mason,
A Grand Eye for Glory,
p. 17.

37. Casson, “Group Portrait,” in Fetherling,
Documents in Canadian Art,
p. 60.

38. Doris Speirs, interview with Charles Hill.

39. Sir Edmund Walker to Frank Johnston, 3 September 1918, Mary Bishop Rodrik
and Franz Johnston Collection,
R
320, Volume 1, File 7,
LAC
.

40.
The Lamps,
November 1919.

41. Harris, “The Group of Seven in Canadian History,” p. 34.

42. Quoted in Duval,
The Tangled Garden,
pp. 86–87.

43. Quoted in Robert Rosenblum,
Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko
(London: Thames & Hudson, 1975), p. 19.

44. E.T. Cook and Wedderburn,
The Works of John Ruskin,
vol. 3, p. 630, and
vol. 26, p. 115.

45. Naomi E. Maurer,
The Pursuit of Spiritual Wisdom: The Thought and Art of Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin
(Cranbury,
NJ
:Associated University Press, 1998), p. 60; Michael Robertson,
Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples
(Princeton,
NJ
: Princeton University Press, 2008), pp. 43–44; T.E. Hulme, “Romanticism and Classicism,” in Herbert Read, ed.,
Speculations: Essays on Humanism and the Philosophy of Art
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949), p. 118; Davis,
The Logic of Ecstasy,
p. 48; and Whitman,
Leaves of Grass,
pp. 125, 167. For Whitman's influence on Gauguin and Van Gogh, see Maurer,
The Pursuit of Spiritual Wisdom,
pp. 3, 16. Whitman mentions “Kanada”—often in relation to lakes and snow—in poems such as “Me Imperturbe,” “Our Old Feuillage,” “From Paumanok Starting
I Fly Like a Bird,” and “By Blue Ontario's Shore.”

46. Quoted in Duval,
The Tangled Garden,
p. 87.

CHAPTER 9: THE GREAT KONODIAN ARMY

1. Quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
p. 96.

2. Quoted in ibid., pp. 95, 97.

3. Ibid., p. 97.

4. Ibid., p. 98.

5.
Daily News,
13 August 1918.

6. Quoted in Hill,
The Group of Seven,
p. 65.

7. F.H. Varley, Camblain l'Abbé, to Arthur Lismer, 2 May 1919, photocopy in the
MCAC
Archives.

8. Quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
p. 105.

9. Ibid., p. 109.

10.
The Times,
12 and 15 November 1917, and 5 December 1917.

11.
The Times,
30 July and 8 October 1917.

12. Quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
p. 106.

13. Quoted in Davis,
The Logic of Ecstasy,
p. 31.

14. Quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
p. 107.

15.
The Observer,
5 January 1919.

16. Quoted in Holroyd,
Augustus John,
p. 435.

17. For John's ignominious career with the
CWMF
, see Holroyd,
Augustus John,
pp. 430–36.

18.
The Times,
6 May 1924.

19.
Christian Science Monitor,
10 February 1919.

20.
Canadian Magazine,
November 1919.

21.
The Observer,
19 January 1919;
The Nation,
11 January 1919; and Sir Claude Phillips,
quoted in
The Rebel,
March 1919.

22. Quoted in Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
p. 110.

23. Quoted in ibid., p. 113.

24.
The Rebel,
March 1919.

25. Quoted in Susan Butlin, “Landscape as Memorial: A.Y. Jackson and the Landscape of the Western Front, 1917–1918,”
Canadian Military History
5 (Autumn 1996), p. 68.

26. Quoted in Alex Danchev,
Georges Braque: A Life
(New York: Arcade, 2005), p. 140.

27.
The Studio,
September 1919.

28. Michael L. Hadley and Roger Flynn Sarty,
Tin-pots and Pirate Ships: Canadian
Naval Forces and German Sea Raiders, 1880–1918
(Montreal and Kingston:
McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991), p. 190.

29.
Toronto Globe,
11 October 1918.

30. Arthur Lismer, Bedford,
NS
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, 21 March 1919,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 1,
LAC
.

31. Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
p. 51.

32. Arthur Lismer, Bedford,
NS
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, 21 March 1919,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 1,
LAC
.

33. Jackson,
A Painter's Country,
p. 51.

34. Quoted in Hill,
The Group of Seven,
p. 85.

35. A.Y. Jackson, London, to J.E.H. MacDonald, York Mills, 6 April 1918, J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 2a,
LAC
.

Book iii

CHAPTER 1: THE SPIRIT OF YOUNG CANADA

1. Dan Franck,
Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse and the Birth of Modern Art,
trans. Cynthia Liebow (New York: Grove Press, 2003), p. 136.

2. A.Y. Jackson, 247 Lees Road, Oldham, to Arthur Lismer, 22 May 1918,
MCAC
Archives.

3. Quoted in Hill,
The Group of Seven,
p. 43.

4.
Toronto Daily Star,
26 March 1919.

5. A.Y. Jackson, undated letter to the editor of the
Montreal Daily Star,
c. 1919,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 2a.

6. Quoted in Adamson,
Lawren S. Harris,
p. 76.

7.
Toronto Telegram,
8 March 1919;
The Weekly Sun,
26 March 1919.

8. Quoted in Zurier,
Picturing the City,
pp. 121–22.

9. Quoted in Hill,
The Group of Seven,
p. 83.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 81.

11.
Saturday Night,
May 1919;
Mail & Empire,
10 May 1919.

12. A.Y. Jackson, Shoreham-by-Sea, to Mrs. J.E.H. MacDonald, 18 November 1916,
J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 2a.

13. Laing,
Memoirs of an Art Dealer,
vol. 1, p. 24.

14. Quoted in McLeish,
September Gale,
p. 65.

15. Arthur Lismer, Bedford,
NS
, to J.E.H. MacDonald, Studio Building, J.E.H. MacDonald Fonds, Container 1, File 1.

16. Quoted in McLeish,
September Gale,
p. 69.

17. Tippett,
Art at the Service of War,
p. 94.

18. F.H. Varley, Camblain l'Abbé, to Arthur Lismer, 2 May 1919,
MCAC
Archives.

19. Tippett,
Stormy Weather,
pp. 46–47.

20. Quoted in ibid., p. 120.

21. Quoted in ibid., pp. 145–46.

22.
Toronto Daily Star,
23 August 1919.

23.
New York Times,
15 June 1919.

24. Nevinson, quoted in Michael J.K. Walsh, “‘A Veiled and Virgin Shore': C.R.W. Nevinson and the (end of an) American Dream,” in Michael J.K. Walsh, ed.,
A Dilemma of English Modernism: Visual and Verbal Politics in the Life and Work of C.R.W. Nevinson
(1889–1949)
(Cranbury,
NJ
: Associated University Presses, 2007), p. 92.

25.
New York Times,
8 June 1919.

26. Quoted in Holroyd,
Augustus John,
p. 433.

27. Quoted in Tippett,
Art at the Service of War,
p. 80.

28.
Toronto Globe,
8 September 1919;
Saturday Night,
13 September 1919.

29. Quoted in Tippett,
Art at the Service of War,
p. 88.

30.
The Lamps,
December 1919;
The Rebel,
October 1919.

31. Quoted in David P. Silcox,
Painting Place: The Life and Work of David B. Milne
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), p. 7. For details of Milne's early life, see pp. 3–12.

32. Quoted in Morrin et al.,
The Advent of Modernism,
p. 131.

33. Quoted in Francis M. Naumann,
Conversion to Modernism: The Early Work of
Man Ray
(New Brunswick,
NJ
: Rutgers University Press, 2003), p. 123.

34.
Christian Science Monitor,
24 February 1913;
New York Times,
3 November 1913.

35. Quoted in Silcox,
Painting Place,
p. 92. For Milne's military service and work with the
CWRO
office, see ibid., pp. 89–116; and R.F. Wodehouse, “David Milne: 1918–19,”
National Gallery of Canada Bulletin
2 (1963), pp. 18–27.

36. Quoted in Silcox,
Painting Place,
p. 96.

37.
New York Times,
3 November 1912.

38. Ibid.

39. Quoted in Silcox,
Painting Place,
p. 69. For Milne's peregrinations through the Taconics, see his essay in the
New York Evening Post
entitled “One-Day Trip to the Taconic Wilds,” 28 April 1922.