Delusions of Gender (51 page)

glass cliff, 64

glass escalator, 64–65

Glick, Peter, 67, 224

Gold, Ian, 144

golf courses, out-of-office socialising on, 70

gonads, foetal development of, 100–101

Gong, Sherry, 182

Good, Catherine, 30, 48

Gorman, Elizabeth, 65

Gorski, Roger, 104

Gould, Stephen J., 235

Grace, Ariel, 46

Gray, John, 81, 140, 155–56

Greater Male Variability hypothesis, 178–80, 185, 280

Greenwald, Anthony, 4

grocery industry, sexual discrimination in, 68

Grossi, Giordana, xxvii, 113–16, 178, 180

group membership salience, 24–25, 28, 29, 227–29

Guiso, Luigi, 181

Gur, Raquel, 139, 144, 146

Gur, Ruben, 139, 144, 145–46

Gurian, Gail, xvi–xvii

Gurian, Michael, xvi–xvii, 81–82, 139–40, 156–57, 165, 170

Gurian Institute, xvii, 107, 111–12, 139

Hall, Judith, 159

Hansen, Jeffrey, 4

Harvard Law School, 40–41

Haslanger, Sally, 40

Hausmann, Markus, 28

Having It All
(Deutsch), 85

Heilman, Madeline, 56, 63

Heine, Steven, 173

Heppen, Jessica, 83–84

Hess, Beth B., 99

Hines, Melissa, 40, 102–3, 123–24, 128–29, 134

Hinze, Susan, 73–75

Hochschild, Arlie, 80

Hodges, Sara, 21

Hollingworth, Leta Stetter, 180

Holmes, Janet, 63–64

homelife, 78–89

division of chores in, 80–83, 87, 89, 92–93

gender deviance neutralisation and, 82–83, 92

husband/breadwinner stereotype in, 78–79, 82–83

parenting in,
see
parenting

wife/caregiver stereotype in, 79

homophily, 69

horizontal segregation, of sexes, 91, 93

hormones:

effect on brain of, xxvii, 236

gender inequality and, 129

see also specific hormones

housework, division of, 80–83, 87, 89, 92–93

Hyde, Janet, 180, 271

Iceland, maths ability in, 181

Ickes, William, 17, 19–21, 267

Iidaka, Tetsuya, 160

implicit associations, 282

consciously reported beliefs and, 5, 6, 194, 201, 247

gender stereotypes and, 4–7, 35–36, 39, 83–84, 194, 199, 201, 235, 238

Implicit Association Test (IAT), 4–5, 6, 35–36, 39, 83, 201, 247

Indonesia, maths ability in, 181

infants:

face-interest studies of newborn, 112–16, 129, 130

gender-stereotyped interests of, 204–5

gender-typed toys and, 198

intelligence:

brain size and, xxiv–xxv, 132, 141

Greater Male Variability hypothesis and, 179–80, 185, 280

International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), 182–84

Interpersonal Perception Task (IPT), 22, 249

intuition:

as female trait, 157

scientific discoveries and, 109–10

It’s a Baby Girl
(Gurian Institute), 107, 111–12

James, William, 10

James S. McDonnell Foundation, 171

Jeffreys, Sheila, 72

Jessel, David, xxi–xxii

job applicants, gender stereotyping of, 55–58, 59–62

Jobs, Steve, 45

Josephs, Robert, 36–37, 38

Jost, John, 195–96

justice, ethic of, 24–25

Kaiser, Anelis, 153

Kane, Emily, 189–90, 191–92, 203–4, 226, 231

Kaplan, Gisela, 236, 238

Kiefer, Amy, 35–36

Kimmel, Michael, xx, 235, 237

Kimura, Doreen, 129–30, 173–74

Klein, Kristi, 21

Kmec, Julie, 65

knowing-and-being effect, 32

Kobrynowicz, Diane, 56

Koenig, Anne, 22

Kraus, Linda, 17

Krawczyk, Rosemary, 198

Lamb, Sharon, 220–21, 222

language:

gender labelling in, 211

lateralisation and, 137–38, 271

right-ear advantage and, 137

Language Log, 158, 162

lap-dancing clubs, out-of-office socialising at, 71–72

lateralisation:

language and, 137–38, 271

in male vs. female brain, 136–40, 145, 271, 272, 277

visuospatial tasks and, 138–39, 145, 271, 273

lateral septum, 142

Lawrence, Peter, 112

leaders, women as, 62–64

Leadership and the Sexes
(Gurian and Annis), xvii, 156–57

Lehrer, Jonah, 152–53

Lennon, Randy, 16

Levy, Neil, xix, 18, 91, 109, 116

Lewontin, Richard, 166

Liberman, Mark, 158, 162, 165, 170–71, 279

Lincoln Logs, 268

Logel, Christine, 33

logic,
see
systemising

Logothetis, Nikos K., 270–71

Los Angeles Times
, 139, 168

Lynn, Matthew, 72

macaque monkeys, 126–27, 128

McClure, Erin, 159

McGlone, Matthew, 28, 32

male brain, xxvii

aggression centres as more developed in, 99

emotion processing in, 147–51, 156, 163

face-interest awareness studies and, 112–16, 129, 130

foetal testosterone surge in, xv, xxi–xxii, 99–106, 107–11, 117, 261

gender inequalities as determined by, 91

lateralisation in, 136–40, 145, 271, 272, 277

left hemisphere as underdeveloped in, 105–6, 136

localised (spotlight) connectivity of, 139, 144

as S-type, 106

systemising as innate characteristic of, xv, xviii, xix, xxiv, 9, 50–51, 91, 107, 109, 111, 116, 139, 144, 155–56

verbal abilities and, 34, 136

visuospatial processing in, 136, 139–40, 145, 146, 261, 273

see also
gender stereotypes; neurosexism

Malebranche, Nicolas, xxiv

Martin, Karin, 70

Marx, David, 23, 251

Mason, William, 127

mathematical ability,
see
science and maths ability

Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program (MOSP), 183

mathematics, science, and engineering (MSE) careers,
see
science, engineering, and technology (SET) careers

media:

for children,
see
children’s books and media

implicit associations and, 6

oversimplification and misrepresentation of neuroscience in, 174–75

stereotype threat cues in, 172–73

medical profession, sexual harassment in, 73–75

men, in female-dominated fields, 64–65

Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
books (Gray), 81

mental rotation tests:

foetal testosterone and, 111, 130

gender beliefs and, 28–29

gender differences in, 27, 145, 250

girls with CAH and, 121

identity priming and, 28, 32

Mill, John Stuart, xiii, xxiv

Miller, Cindy, 227

Miller, Greg, 153

mind:

difficulty in inferring from brain, xxvi, 140, 142, 175

influence of social context on, xxvi, 4–13, 20–26, 28–29, 30–36, 95–96

male vs. female,
see
gender stereotypes

in newborns, 176

prevention focus in, 34

promotion focus in, 34

resource allocation in, 33–34

working memory in,
see
working memory

Minds of Boys, The
(Gurian and Stevens), 170

minimal group studies, 227

Minzer, Pamela Burgy, 40–41

mirror neurons, 159

mobile-interest, study of, 112–14, 115–16

Moè, Angelica, 28–29

Moir, Anne, xxi–xxii

monkeys, gender-differentiated behaviour in, 103, 124–28, 269

Moore, Celia, 104–5, 143, 165, 262

moral reasoning, environmental priming and, 24–25

Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell, 29, 78

Morgan, Laurie, 70

Morris, Jan, 3

Morton, Thomas, 185–86

mothers, working:

cultural bias against, 57, 59, 84–85, 92

female brain as overwhelmed in, 86

seen as more warm than competent, 59

unequal work load of, 92–93

see also
workplace, women in

motion perception, 152

motivation, gender salience and, 20–21, 22, 29

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), xvi, xvii, xxii

Mullarkey, Mary, 40–41

Murnen, Sarah, 221

Murphy, Mary, 42

Nash, Alison, 113–16, 198

National Association for Single Sex Public Education (NASSPE), xvii, 163, 278–79

National Educational Longitudinal Study (1988), 48

National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage, 84

Nature
, 54, 157–58

neuroconstructivism, 177

neuroendocrinologists, 101

neuroimaging,
see
brain imaging

neuroscience:

circular reasoning in, 171–72, 273

media oversimplification and misrepresentation of, 174–75

as more ‘scientific’ than psychology, 168, 169–70

in 19th century, 132–33

social responsibility in, 173–74, 281

neurosexism, xv–xix, xxi, xxiv, xxvii, 154, 155–67

educational influence of, xxviii, 162–67, 277–78

gender inequality as reinforced by, xxviii, 172–73, 186, 237–39

see also
female brain; male brain

Newcombe, Nora, 250

New Republic
, 129

New York Times
, 58, 129, 131–32, 171

Nickelodeon, 222

Nobel Prize laureates, 109, 265

Norton, Michael, 60

Nosek, Brian, 4, 39, 247

nurturing:

in girls with CAH, 126, 269

in primates, 124, 126–28

see also
parenting

Oberman, Lindsay, 161

Observer
, 65

Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home
(Stone), 86–87

Orenstein, Peggy, 196, 204

organisation-activational hypothesis, 101

Outliers
(Gladwell), 34–35

ovaries, 100–101

oxytocin, domestic duties as producing, 81, 82

Packaging Girlhood
(Lamb and Brown), 220–21

Paoletti, Jo, 207–8

paper people,
see
fictitious job applicant studies

parenting:

gender-neutral, xx, 189–91, 204, 214–16, 238

gender stereotyping and, 79, 84–85, 87, 189–96, 198–99, 202–4

gender-typed play and toy choice as encouraged by, 202–3

hormone changes and, 87

in prairie voles, 142–43

in primates, 124, 126–28

in rats, 88

see also
children

Parents’ Magazine
, 88

Pease, Allan, 134, 140, 147–48, 149, 274

Pease, Barbara, 134, 140, 147–48, 149, 274

penis, foetal testosterone and, 106

PET (positron emission tomography), xvi, 134, 148, 153

Philadelphia
Evening Bulletin
, 76

Pinker, Steven, 129, 130, 168, 179, 184, 190

Pinker, Susan, xxi, 41, 90, 95, 148–49, 179

pink princess phenomenon, 226

PONS,
see
Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity

prairie voles, 142–43

preoptic nucleus, 103–4

Pre-School Activities Inventory, 121, 123

prevention focus, 34

Price, Cathy, 152

primates:

effects of prenatal hormones on brain development in, 103, 123, 125–26, 127–28

gender-typed toy and play choice in, 124–25, 130

nurturing behaviour in, 124, 126–28

sociocultural environment of, 126–27

proactive personality, 44

Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS), gender differences in, 18, 19, 159, 249

prolactin, 87

promotion focus, 34

Pronin, Emily, 50, 52

psychology, 118

publication bias, 271

Quarterly Journal of Science
, xx

racial attitudes, children’s assimilation of, 199–201

Racine, Eric, 170

rats:

effects of hormones on brain development in, 102–5

environmental stimuli in development of, 104–5

parenting by, 88

preoptic nucleus of, 103–4

testosterone in, 104–5, 260, 262

Reading the Mind from the Eyes test, 17, 18, 108–9, 248–49

gender differences in, 18, 19, 264–65

Republican National Committee, 58

reverse inference, 151–52, 155

rewards, as reinforcing gender stereotypes, 91–93

rhesus monkeys, 103, 124–25

Rhode, Deborah, 216

Ridgeway, Cecilia, 4, 96, 246–47

right-ear advantage, 137

Ritter, Mary, 29–30

Rivers, Caryl, xxviii, 105

Rochat, Philippe, 266

Rogers, Lesley, 37, 157, 236, 238

Romanes, George J., 141

Rothman, Barbara, 192–93

Ruble, Diane, 226–27, 229

Rudman, Laurie, 59, 61, 83–84, 224

Russett, Cynthia, xxv, 132

Ryan, Michelle, 24, 64

Same Difference
(Barnett and Rivers), 105

sample size, in brain imaging studies, 137, 138, 150

Sax, Leonard, xvii, 112, 163–65, 168–69, 191, 205, 276–77, 278

Schaffer, Amanda, 16, 119, 250

Schilt, Kirsten, 54

Scholastic Aptitude Test, 50–51, 251

Science
, 50–51, 139, 144, 180, 181

science, engineering, and technology (SET) careers:

‘female’ traits suppressed by women in, 50–51, 52

sexual discrimination in, 51–52, 69

sexual harassment in, 73

women as intrinsically unsuited for, 90–91

women’s representation in, 118–19, 254

science and maths ability:

environmental influences on, 182–84

foetal testosterone levels linked to, 100, 129

gender inequalities in, 27, 29, 90–91, 95, 110, 129–30, 179–84, 190, 250, 277–78

Greater Male Variability hypothesis and, 179–80, 185, 280

implicit associations and, 35–36, 39

intuition and, 109–10

sense of belonging and, 48

stereotype threat and, 30–31, 32–33, 35–36, 42–43, 50–51, 173, 184, 252

Science Daily
, 145

‘Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics, The’, 139

scientific process, 238

speculation in, 153

Scientists Anonymous
(Fara), 54