Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (149 page)

1
    
Malatesta: His Life and Ideas
, ed. Vernon Richards (1965) (Freedom Press, 1977), p. 208
(hereafter referred to as Malatesta)

2
    
Compte rendu du VIIIème Congrès générale, Berne
(Berne, 1876), pp. 10, 97

3
    Quoted in R. Hostetter,
The Italian Socialist Movement, 1. Origins (1860–1882)
(Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1958), p. 368

4
    Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 320

5
    Malatesta,
Entre Paysans
(Paris, 1887), pp. 61, 58, 67

6
    Malatesta,
Anarchy
, trans. V. Richards (Freedom Press, 1974), pp. 50, 27

7
    Ibid., pp. 24, 28

8
    Ibid., pp. 19, 13

9
    Ibid., p. 41

10
  Ibid., p. 53

11
  
Malatesta
, op. cit., p. 20

12
  Ibid., pp. 87, 145

13
  For an account of this incident, see Richards, ibid., Appendix III, pp. 252–6

14
  
Compte rendu analytique des séances du Congrès anarchiste tenu à Amsterdam 24–31 août 1907
(Paris, 1908), p. 83

15
  Quoted in Richards, ‘Introduction’ to Malatesta,
Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 5

16
  Malatesta’s ‘Anarchists have forgotten their Principles’,
Freedom
(November 1914),
Malatesta
, op. cit., p. 243

17
  
Freedom
(April 1916), ibid., p. 251

18
  Camillo Berneri,
Auto-Democracy
(1 June 1919)

19
  Quoted in Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 112

20
  Malatesta,
Scritti scelti
, ed. C. Zaccaria & G. Berneri (Naples, 1947), p. 326

21
  
Malatesta
, op. cit., p. 184

22
  Ibid., p. 21

23
  Ibid., pp. 66, 60

24
  Ibid., pp. 24, 49

25
  Ibid., pp. 98, 107

26
  Ibid., p. 88

27
  Ibid., pp. 19, 31, 35, 47

28
  Ibid., p. 42

29
  Ibid., p. 153

30
  Ibid., p. 161

31
  Ibid., p. 267

32
  Ibid., pp. 25, 40

33
  Ibid., p. 261

34
  Ibid., p. 68

35
  Ibid., p. 173

36
  Quoted by Richards, ‘Introduction’, Malatesta,
Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 8

37
  
Malatesta
, op. cit., pp. 178, 170

38
  Ibid., pp. 164, 180

39
  Ibid., p. 177

1
    See Henri Troyat,
Tolstoy
, trans. Nancy Amphoux (W. H. Allen, 1968), p. 16

2
    Quoted in Ernest J. Simmons,
Tolstoy
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 24

3
    Tolstoy, ‘The Slavery of our Times’,
Social Evils and Their Remedy
, ed. Helen Chrouschoff Matheson (Methuen, 1915), p. 102

4
    Diary entry, 4 March 1855,
Tolstoy’s Diaries
, ed. R. F. Christian (Athlone Press, 1985), p. 101

5
    Tolstoy to V. P. Botkin, 24–5 March/ 5–6 April 1857,
Tolstoy’s Letters
, ed. R. F. Christian (Athlone Press, 1978), I, 95–6

6
    
A Confession, The Gospel in Brief, and What I Believe
, trans. Aylmer Maude (Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 12

7
    Notebooks, 25 May 1857, quoted in Simmons,
Tolstoy
, op. cit., p. 54

8
    Ibid., 13 April 1957

9
    Ibid., 24 May 1857

10
  
A Confession, The Gospel in Brief, and What I Believe
, op. cit., p. 13

11
  ‘The School at Yásnaya Polyána’,
Patterns of Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 476

12
  Tolstoy to S. N. Tolstaya, 15 May 1902,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 618–19

13
  ‘Education and Culture’, in
Tolstoy on Education
, trans. Leo Wiener (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967). See also Joel Spring,
A Primer of Libertarian Education
(New York: Free Life Editions, 1977), pp. 47–8

14
  Tolstoy to A. M. Kalmykova, 31 August 1896,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 539

15
  Quoted in Troyat,
Tolstoy
, op. cit., p. 220

16
  Ibid., p. 205

17
  Tolstoy to the Emperor Alexander II, 22 August 1862,
Letters
, op. cit., I, 164

18
  ‘What Then Must We Do?’ (1886),
The Works of Leo Tolstoy
, trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude (1929–1937), XIV, 384

19
  Quoted in Simmons,
Tolstoy
, op. cit., p. 154

20
  
Social Evils
, op. cit., pp. 235–6

21
  Isaiah Berlin,
The Hedgehog and the Fax: an essay on Tolstoy’s view of history
(New York, 1953), p. 39

22
  
A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe
, op. cit., p. 17

23
  Ibid., p. 8

24
  
Social Evils
, op. cit., p. 206; ‘Introduction’,
A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe
, op. cit., p. xv

25
  Ibid., p. 167

26
  Ibid., pp. 531–2

27
  Tolstoy to Alexander III, 8–15 March 1881,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 343

28
  ‘The Kingdom of God is Within You’,
The Lion and the Honeycomb: The Religious Writings of Tolstoy
, ed. A. N. Wilson (Collins, 1987), pp. 89–90

29
  A. N. Wilson,
Tolstoy
(Hamish Hamilton, 1988)

30
  Tolstoy, ‘A Reply to the Synod’s Edict of Excommunication’ (1901),
On Life and Essays on Religion, Works
, op. cit., XII, 223

31
  
The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays
, ibid., XX, 135

32
  Ibid., p. 330

33
  ‘The Slavery of our Time’,
Social Evils
, op. cit., p. 97

34
  ‘Patriotism and Government’,
Works
, op. cit. XLVI, 1, 250

35
  ‘Letter to a Non-Commissioned Officer’,
Tolstoy on Civil Disobedience and Non-Violence
, (New York: Mentor, 1967), p. 121

36
  ‘On Patriotism’,
On Civil Disobedience
, op. cit., p. 79

37
  Tolstoy, ‘Patriotism and Government’,
Works
, op. cit., XLVI, 1, 252

38
  Ibid., p. 261

39
  ‘Slavery of our Times’,
Social Evils
, op. cit., p. 105

40
  Tolstoy, ‘On Anarchy’, ibid., p. 185

41
  See ‘To the Working People’, ibid., p. 24

42
  ‘Government’, ibid., p. 135

43
  ‘Patriotism and Government’,
Works
, op. cit., XLVI, 1, 259

44
  A Letter addressed to
The Daily Chronicle
(1895),
Tolstoy on Civil Disobedience
, op. cit., p. 138

45
  ‘On the Negro Question’ (1904), ibid., p. 283

46
  ‘Government’,
Social Evils
, op. cit., p. 132

47
  ‘The Slavery of Our Times’, ibid., p. 68

48
  ‘What Then Must We Do?’,
Works
, op. cit., XIV, 357–8

49
  ‘Slavery of our Times’,
Social Evils
, op. cit., p. 79

50
  ‘Government’, ibid., p. 138

51
  See Tolstoy to A. M. Kalmykova, 31 August 1896,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 540

52
  See “‘Thou Shalt Not Kill” - On the Death of King Humbert’ (1900),
On Civil Disobedience
, op. cit., p. 155

53
  Quoted in Simmons,
Tolstoy
, op. cit., p. 212

54
  
Social Evils
, op. cit., p. 206

55
  Ibid., p. 93

56
  Ibid., p. 190

57
  ‘To the Working People’, ibid., p. 47

58
  Ibid., p. 45

59
  Tolstoy to V. F. Totomiants, 23 January 1910,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 696

60
  Quoted in Simmons,
Tolstoy
, op. cit., p. 204

61
  Ibid., p. 212

62
  Tolstoy to A. Y. Alipov, 20 September 1906,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 659

63
  
Lenin o Tolstom
(Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), p. 24. Among Lenin’s several articles devoted to Tolstoy, the most important is
Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution.

64
  Shaw to R. Ellis Roberts, February 1900,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 677

65
  ‘I Cannot Be Silent’,
Works
, op. cit., XXI, 404–11

66
  Tolstoy to Mohandas Gandhi, 7 September 1910,
Letters
, op. cit., II, 706

67
  Gandhi,
Democracy, Real and Deceptive
(Ahmedabad, 1961), p. 28

68
  For the Sarvodaya movement, see Geoffrey Ostergaard & M. Currell,
The Gentle Anarchists
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971); and Ostergaard,
Nonviolent Revolution in India
(New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, 1985)

69
  Wilson, ‘Introduction’,
Religious Writings
, op. cit., p. 16

1
    See Martin,
Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908
, op. cit.

2
    See William Bailie,
Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist
(Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1906)

3
    Josiah Warren,
Practical Details in Equitable Commerce
(New Harmony, Ind., 1852), I, 12

4
    Warren,
Equitable Commerce
(New Harmony, Ind., 1846), p. 96

5
    See Eunice M. Schuster,
Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing Anarchist Individualism
(1932) (New York: Da Capo Press, 1970), pp. 92–106

6
    Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 433

7
    Quoted in David De Leon,
The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism
(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 79

8
    Warren,
Practical Applications of the Elementary Principles of ‘True Civilization’
(Princeton, NJ: The Author, 1873), p. 19

9
    Warren,
Equitable Commerce
(New York: Fowler & Wells, 1852), p. 69

10
  Warren,
Practical Details in Equitable Commerce
(Princeton, NJ: Cooperative Publishing Company, 1872), p. 73

11
  
Liberty
, XI (8 February 1896), 5