Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (142 page)

55.
WNZEL
, pp. 504–505;
DXPCR
, pp. 246–247.

56.
DXPCR
, pp. 242–243.

57.
DXPNP-1
, 3:1973, March 28, 29, 1973.

58.
Ibid., 3:1973, March 29, 1973.

59.
DXPCR
, pp. 244–246. For the Sihanouk banquet, see
DXPWJHD
.

60.
DXPWJHD
, pp. 71–81;
DXPNP-1
, 1:1974–1990.

61.
WNZEL.
The English version is much abbreviated. See Wenqian Gao,
Zhou Enlai: The Last Perfect Revolutionary; A Biography
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2007).

62.
Interview with Zhang Hanzhi, English teacher and one of his interpreters, who first met Mao in 1963, October and December 2006. See also Gao,
Zhou Enlai
, pp. 237–240.

63.
Interview with Zhang Hanzhi, October 2006.

64.
This account draws heavily on
WNZEL
and the English translation, Gao,
Zhou Enlai.
For a decade Gao had been deputy head of a unit in the Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office. Critics have argued that some of Gao's interpretations go beyond the data and that there are other, more plausible explanations. Gao claims, for example, that Mao lit firecrackers to celebrate Zhou's death, but it is common for firecrackers to go off during the New Year's festivities; this could have been the reason that firecrackers were going off.

65.
WNZEL.

66.
DXPCR
, p. 210.

67.
MZDZ
, 2:1655.

68.
Barbara Barnouin and Changgen Yu,
Ten Years of Turbulence
(New York: Kegan Paul International, 1993), pp. 248–249.

69.
DXPCR
, pp. 252–254; Richard Evans,
Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
(New York: Viking, 1994), pp. 196–197.

70.
MZDZ
, 2:1661.

71.
Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, p. 97.

72.
MZDZ
, 2:1654. For a fuller account of the congress, see ibid., pp. 93–109.

73.
DXPNP-1
, 3:1976–1977.

74.
MZDZ
, 2:1661.

75.
Evans,
Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
, p. 197.

76.
Patrick Tyler,
A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China; An Investigative History
(New York: PublicAffairs, 1999), pp. 159–164; William Burr, ed.,
The Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks with Beijing and Moscow
(New York: New Press, 1998), pp. 124–128.

77.
Tyler,
A Great Wall
, pp. 168–169. See also Burr,
The Kissinger Transcripts
, pp. 166–169. The meeting between Kissinger and Mao is on pp. 179–199.

78.
DNSA, CH00277, Kissinger and Zhou Enlai, November 11, 1973. Many of the meetings recorded in the DNSA are also available in Burr,
The Kissinger Transcripts.

79.
DNSA, CH00278, November 12, 1973; DNSA, CH00284, November 14, 1973.

80.
Kissinger's own later accounts of these visits are contained in Henry Kissinger,
Years of Renewal
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), pp. 136–166. Many of the documents with commentary are published in Burr,
The Kissinger Transcripts.

81.
WNZEL
, p. 461.

82.
Ibid., p. 502.

83.
Many officials criticized during the Cultural Revolution felt deep resentment toward those, including Zhou, who continued to cooperate with Mao. Deng remarked to Kissinger that “though Zhou had undoubtedly eased the fate of many, he had never actually tried to reverse the policies which had caused the suffering in the first place.” See Kissinger,
Years of Renewal
, p. 160.

84.
WNZEL
, p. 472; Gao,
Zhou Enlai
, pp. 242–247.

85.
WNZEL
, pp. 505–506; Gao,
Zhou Enlai
, p. 247. (Warren Sun questions whether he joined the CMC at that time or a year later.)

86.
DXPNP-1
.

87.
Salisbury,
The New Emperors
, p. 296.

88.
Evans,
Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
, p. 197.

89.
WNZEL
, pp. 473–474.

90.
Teiwes and Sun,
End of the Maoist Era
, pp. 131–139; ibid., pp. 473–474, 531–533.

91.
Gao,
Zhou Enlai
, pp. 256–259, 262.

92.
WNZEL
, pp. 531–533.

93.
Ibid., pp. 506–507, 527–528.

94.
DXPCR
, pp. 264–265.

95.
Interview with Zhang Hanzhi, December 2006. Zhang married Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua in 1973 after the death of Qiao's first wife.

96.
DXPCR
, pp. 264–265.

97.
Ibid., pp. 266–268.

98.
Interview with Jiang Changbin, Central Party School, January 2002.

99.
Kissinger,
Years of Renewal
, p. 164.

100.
Ibid., pp. 869–886.

101.
Ibid., p. 868.

102.
Ibid., p. 164.

103.
Ibid., pp. 163–164.

104.
Ibid., p. 163.

105.
Interview with Shi Yanhua, Deng's interpreter during the trip, December 2007.

106.
Interviews with Zhang Hanzhi, wife of Qiao Guanhua and an interpreter for the delegation, October and December 2006.

107.
DXPCR
, pp. 268–270.

108.
DXPWJHD
, pp. 88–117.

109.
Deng's interview with the delegation of American university presidents, November 14, 1974. I am indebted to Merle Goldman, who took part in the delegation, for sharing her notes.

110.
LZQ
, p. 1.

111.
Ibid., pp. 1–16.

112.
DXPCR
, p. 274.

113.
See Short,
Mao: A Life
, p. 618.

114.
WNZEL
, pp. 528–530.

115.
Ibid. See also
DXPCR
, pp. 276–277;
Guoshi
, vol. 8, pp. 377–409.

116.
DXPCR
, p. 281.

117.
Evans,
Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
, pp. 202–203.

118.
DXPCR
, pp. 275–280.

119.
WNZEL
, pp. 501–509.

3. Bringing Order under Mao

1.
LZQ
, p. 25; Zhang Hua,
Deng Xiaoping yu 1975 nian de Zhongguo
(Deng Xiaoping and China in 1975) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 2004).

2.
WNZEL.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Interview with party historians with access to the letters exchanged between Mao and Jiang Qing, n.d.

5.
LZQ
, p. 178.

6.
Zhou Enlai, “Report on the Work of the Government,” January 13, 1975, in
Documents of the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
(Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1975).

7.
LZQ
, pp. 44–45; interview with Nancy Tang, April 2002.

8.
DXPNP
-2, February 1, 1975.

9.
DXPNP-2
, May 29, 1975. See also
LZQ
, pp. 45–47.

10.
Zhang Hua,
Deng Xiaoping yu 1975 nian de Zhongguo
, pp. 70–74.

11.
DXPNP-2
, January 25, 1975;
SWDXP-2
, pp. 13–15.

12.
Jonathan D. Pollack, “Rebuilding China's Great Wall: Chinese Security in the
1980s,” in Paul H. B. Godwin, ed.,
The Chinese Defense Establishment: Continuity and Change in the 1980s
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1983), pp. 3–20; Paul H. B. Godwin, “Mao Zedong Revised: Deterrence and Defense in the 1980s,” in Godwin, ed.,
The Chinese Defense Establishment
, pp. 21–40; June Teufel Dreyer, “Deng Xiaoping: The Soldier,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 135 (September 1993): 536–550.

13.
DXPNP-2
, January 25, 1975;
DXPJW
, 3:4–6, January 19, 1975.

14.
LZQ
, pp. 424–425;
DXPNP-2
, January 12, 1975.

15.
DXPJW
, 3:1–3.

16.
Deng Xiaoping, “Dangqian junshi gongzuo de jige wenti” (Some Issues in Our Current Military Work), January 14, 1975, key points in Deng's response after hearing reports from staff members in the General Staff Department, ibid., 3:1–3; Deng Xiaoping, “Guofang gongye jundui zhuangbei gongzuo de jidian yijian” (Some Opinions on the National Defense Industry and Work on Military Equipment), May 4, 1975, in response to reports of the Standing Committee of the CMC, ibid., 3:20–25; Deng Xiaoping, “Yao jianli yange de kexue guanli he keyan shengchan zhidu” (We Must Establish Strict Scientific Management and a System for Scientific Production), May 19, 1975, a talk to the Standing Committee of the CMC in response to reports of the Science and Technology Commission and the No. 7 Ministry of Machine Building (missiles), ibid., 3:26–27.

17.
William Burr, ed.,
The Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks with Beijing and Moscow
(New York: New Press, 1998), p. 308. For the context of the talks and the memoranda of the conversations, see pp. 265–321.

18.
LZQ
, p. 398.

19.
For example, at a forum of the General Staff, Deng explicitly stated that there was no hurry to prepare the troops for battle. See
DXPJW
, 3:9.

20.
Ibid., 3:9–13.

21.
LZQ
, pp. 404–405;
DXPNP-2
, January 19 and 25, 1975;
DXPJW
, 3:6–8;
SWDXP-2
, pp. 27–28.

22.
DXPJW
, 3:1–3.

23.
LZQ
, pp. 407–408.

24.
Ibid., pp. 415–417.

25.
Ibid., p. 416.

26.
DXPJW
, 3:26–27, May 19, 1975.

27.
LZQ
, pp. 408, 412–415.

28.
Ibid., p. 94.

29.
Ibid., pp. 107–108;
DXPNP-2
, May 19, 1975.

30.
Interviews with Zhang Xingxing, deputy director of the Institute for Contemporary China Research, 2006.

31.
Harrison E. Salisbury,
The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), p. 334.

32.
LZQ
, pp. 55–56.

33.
Salisbury,
The New Emperors
, pp. 333–334. Salisbury interviewed Wan Li on October 7, 1987.