Descent Into Chaos (82 page)

1
Quoted in Mark Danner, “Iraq: The War on the Imagination,”
The New York Review of Books,
December 21, 2006.

2
Griff Witte and Emily Wax, “Bhutto’s Last Day,”
The Washington Post,
January 16, 2007.

3
Interview with President Hamid Karzai by the author at Davos, Switzerland, January 24, 2008.

4
Aziz Syed, “10 Fold Increase in Suicide Attacks,” Islamabad,
Daily Times,
January 13, 2008.

5
Interior Ministry spokesman Brigadier Javed Iqbal Cheema told a press conference on the evening of December 28 that Bhutto had fatally cracked her head on the lever of the sunroof. He then released a telephone intercept of Baitullah Mahsud congratulating the leader of a suicide squad for carrying out the bombing. See Ahmed Rashid, “After Bhutto Death, Pakistan on Edge,”
Yale Global,
January 1, 2008.

6
Fareed Zakaria, “Pakistanis Know I Can Be Tough,”
Newsweek,
January 12, 2008.

7
Bureau report, “Suicide Bomber Identified,” Islamabad,
The Post,
January 29, 2008.

8
British High Commission, Islamabad, “Scotland Yard Report into Assassination of Benazir Bhutto,” press release, February 8, 2008.

9
Lt.-Gen. Karl Eikenberry’s testimony was given at a hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Washington, D.C., February 13, 2007. Text provided by U.S. Embassy, Islamabad.

10
Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Pressing Allies, President Warns of Afghan Battle,” Washington, D.C.,
The New York Times,
February 16, 2007.

11
“West Must Match Pakistan’s Efforts: Aurakzai,” Peshawar,
Dawn,
February 16, 2007.

12
Mark Mazzetti and David Sanger, “Bush Aides See Failure in Fight with al Qaeda in Pakistan,”
The New York Times,
July 17, 2007.

13
Townsend’s interview with Chris Wallace,
Fox News Sunday,
Washington, D.C., July 22, 2007.

14
George Tenet, the CIA director, claimed in February 2003 that more than one third of al Qaeda had been killed or captured. In May 2003, President Bush increased that number to “about half.” Karen De Young and Walter Pincus, “Safe Haven in Pakistan Is Seen as Challenging Counterterrorism Efforts,”
The Washington Post,
July 18, 2007.

15
Reuters, “Al Qaeda Is Targeting Germany for Attacks,” Berlin, July 21, 2007.

16
Elaine Sciolino, “Terror Threat from Pakistan Said to Expand,”
The New York Times,
February 10, 2008.

17
Al Jazeera, Baitullah Mahsud’s first TV interview in Pushtu, translation provided by Gretchen Peters of ABC News, “Slaves to US, We Will Destroy White House, New York and London,” January 27, 2008.

18
The Pakistan Army Act of 1952 was amended by ordinance on November 10, 2007.

19
James Naughtie, interview with Benazir Bhutto, BBC Radio 4, November 13, 2007.

20
AP, “Bush Sees Positive Signs in Pakistan,” Crawford, Texas, November 10, 2007.

21
Khalid Hasan, “Clinton and Obama Oppose Emergency Rule in Pakistan,”
The Daily Times,
November 7, 2007.

22
Ann Scott Tyson, “US to Step Up Training of Pakistanis,”
The Washington Post,
January 24, 2008.

23
AP, “Musharraf: Pakistan Is Not Hunting Osama,” Paris, January 23, 2008.

24
See Hasan-Askari Rizvi, “Towards a Solution of the Present Crisis,” Lahore,
Daily Times,
June 17, 2007.

25
Ayesha Siddiqa,
Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy,
London: Pluto Press, 2007,

26
Ayesha Siddiqa, “The New Land Barons,”
Newsline
magazine, July 2006.

27
Military officers worked in every sector, including communications, education, diplomacy, water and electricity management, information, post office, jails, local bodies, think tanks, industrial production, shipping, minority affairs, population welfare, health care, agriculture, railways, highways, housing, labor and manpower, social and women’s development, law and justice, and subsectors of sports ranging from cricket to hockey. Nasir Iqbal, “1,027 Civilian Posts Occupied by Servicemen,”
Dawn,
October 3, 2003.

28
The meeting with President Musharraf took place in Islamabad on August 11, 2005.

29
Murray Brewsyer, “Dutch Tally Cost of Afghanistan,” Amsterdam,
Globe and Mail,
October 28, 2007.

30
Ann Scott Tyson, “Pentagon Critical of NATO Allies,”
The Washington Post,
December 12, 2007.

31
See International Crisis Group, “Afghanistan: The Need for International Resolve,” Brussels, February 6, 2008.

32
Tyson, “Pentagon Critical of NATO Allies.”

33
William Byrd, “Responding to Afghanistan’s Development Challenge,” World Bank, Washington, D.C., October 2007.

34
See also Anthony Cordesman, “The Missing Metrics of Progress in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, paper presented at a conference on Afghanistan in Ottawa attended by the author, December 10, 2007. William Byrd of the World Bank was also at the conference.

35
Stephen Blank, "Afghanistan’s Energy Future,”
EurasiaNet.org
, August 3, 2006.

36
Agence France-Presse, “Afghanistan Trailing Badly on Development,” Kabul, November 18, 2007. The report for Afghanistan was drawn up by the Centre for Policy and Human Development at Kabul University, supported by the United Nations Development Programme.

37
Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, “The Three Trillion Dollar War,” London,
The Times,
February 23, 2008.

38
Michael Gordon, “New Weight in Army Manual on Stabilization,”
The New York Times,
February 8, 2008.

39
Lakhdar Brahimi, speech to the German Association of the UN, Munich, July 8, 2004. Text provided by the author.

40
“Rice Admits Mistakes in Iraqi Reconstruction,” Reuters, March 13, 2008.

41
For the elaboration of some of these ideas, see Hussain Haqqani, “Democracy in Pakistan,”
Yale Global,
February 22, 2008.