Dinosaurs Without Bones (73 page)

Poland,
14
,
26
,
38
,
68

polar ecosystems,
274

polar environments,
14
,
131
,
151
,
155
,
157
,
274
,
299

post-Cretaceous monkey,
132

Pratt Museum of Natural History (Amherst College),
40

predatory theropods,
3
,
12
,
15
,
304–5
,
338
,
357
,
359

prosauropods,
18–20
,
22
,
25
,
27
,
96
,
118
,
218–9
,  223–24,
333
,
343–44

proto-dinosaurs,
26

Psittacosaurus
,
96
,
128
,
167
,
219
,
236

Pterodaustro guinazui
,
206

pterosaurs,
2–3
,
26
,
206
,
300

Pygoscelis adeliae
(AdeÅLlie penguin),
228

Pygoscelis antarctica
(chinstrap penguin),
228

Q

quadrupedal.
See also
bipedal; three-toed; two-legged

animals,
28

ankylosaurids,
20
,
70
,
88

ceratopsians,
20
,
35
,
70
,
88

diagonal walking pattern,
89

dinosaurs,
19
,
27
,
35
,
38
,
88

facultatively,
27

nodosaurids,
20

ornithopods,
88

prosauropods,
20

sauropods,
20
,
35
,
70
,
86
,
88

stegosaurs,
20
,
70

trackways,
32

Queensland, Australia,
11
,
35
,
44
,
56
,
60–62
,
66–67
,
73
,
80
,
82
,
205
,
238–39
,
270
,
289
,
293
.
See also
Australia

Queensland Museum (Australia),
61–62

R

regurgitalites (fossil puke),
233
,
235
,
240
,
242
,
260
,
266
,
268

riparian ecosystems,
358

S

salamanders,
5
,
230

sanderlings (
Calidris alba
),
309

sauropod breeding,
13

sauropod dinosaurs,
7–8
,
337

Saurornitholestes
,
180

savannah ecosystems,
253

sea-turtle nest,
326

sediment-rimmed nests,
12

sexual dimorphism,
88

Shenzhousaurus
,
214
,
216

Sinocalliopteryx
,
214–15
,
235–36

Sinosauropteryx
,
214–15
,
235

Sinraptor
,
189

snails,
5–7
,
52
,
200
,
205
,
251
,
256–58
,
266
,
291
,
320
,
322
,
325
,
364–65

Society of Vertebrate Paleontology,
277

South Pole,
14
,
53

southern cassowary (
Casuarius casuarius
),
289

southwestern Utah,
11
,
39
,
44
,
315

Spain,
11
,
23
,
44
,
55
,
71
,
77
,
96
,
114
,
204
,
241
,
345

Spinosaurus
,
37
,
88
,
368

Stegoceras
,
172
,
174

stegosaurs,
13
,
18–20
,
23
,
38
,
70
,
179
,
213
,
251
,
348
,
351–52
,
369

Stephanoaetus coronatus
(African crowned eagles),
303

“stomach stones” (gastroliths),
4
,
13

stork (
Leptoptilos robustus
),
303

Struthio camelus
(ostriches),
36
,
209

Struthiomimus
(ostrich-like theropods),
4
,
13

swim tracks,
11
,
44
,
79
,
238
,
315

Sylviornis neocaledoniae
,
302
,
347

synergism,
8

Syntarsus
,
214

T

T. rex. See Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex)

terrestrial ecosystems,
335
,
339
,
353–54

Therizinosaurs
,
20–21
,
96
,
251

theropods.
See also Allosaurus; Oviraptor
; pachycephalosaurs;
Struthiomimus

about,
2
,
4
,
38

aggressive behaviors of,
178

aquatic food source,
45

asphyxiation and fossilization of,
51

bipedal,
29
,
35

birds evolved from,
15

brooding behavior,
106

carnivorous,
162–63
,
165
,
180
,
214

Citipati,
38
,
93
,
96–97
,
106

cladogram for dinosaurs and,
19

claw marks,
12

Cretaceous,
73

Daspletosaurus
,
180
,
189
,
236–38
,
262

deinonychosaurs
,
16

Dromaeosaurids
,
21
,
48

Dromaeosaurus
,
3–4
,
8
,
16

in Early Cretaceous rocks,
11

eggs laid in the nests,
3
,
92

evolution of,
317

face-biting by,
189

feathered,
40
,
162

feathers,
106

flightless birds are modern,
36

fossils of,
51
,
106

gastroliths and,
214

Guanlong wucaii
,
51

heterodonty in,
180–81

Late Cretaceous,
180

Limusaurus
,
51

mating traces,
88

meat eaters,
180

Microraptor
,
52
,
88
,
235
,
310

Mononykus-like,
2

nest structure,
96

non-avian,
55

ornithopods and,
2
,
11
,
18–19
,
29
,
35–36
,
57
,
59
,
63–64
,
72
,
79
,
165
,
246
,
306

pack hunting by,
15–16
,
45

“palms” turned inward,
39

predation and scavenging to feed,
186

predatory,
3
,
12
,
15
,
304–5
,
338
,
357
,
359

Saurornitholestes
,
180

Spinosaurus
,
88

“stomach stones,”
13

teeth,
180

Therizinosaurs
,
20–21

three-toed track,
88

tracks,
20
,
44
,
47
,
49–50

Triceratops defense against,
172

Troodon
,
3
,
12
,
106

two-legged,
57
,
70

tyrannosaur-sized,
73

Tyrannosaurus
,
180

urolites and coprolites,
246

vegetation eating,
179

Velociraptor
,
16
,
180

weighed 8 tons,
86

Thescelosaurus
,
2–4
,
7

three-toed. See also bipedal

bird tracks,
22

Camarasaurus tracks,
50

cassowary tracks,
291–93

and clawed footprints,
7

dinosaur tracks,
22
,
64–65
,
67
,
69–70
,
72–74
,
79
,
284

emu or brush-turkey tracks,
61

feet,
309

ornithopod tracks,
22
,
75
,
79

theropod tracks,
42
,
53
,
79
,
88
,
336

tracks of pranksters,
309

thyreophorans,
18–19

titanosaurs,
12
,
101
,
109–11
,
115–18
,
128
,
264–65

toothmarks on bones,
13

totipalmate feet,
307–9
,
364

track tectonics,
33

trackways.
See also
Alexander’s formula

about,
7
,
16
,
27–29

of animals moving at high speeds,
241

ankylosaur,
47

bipedal dinosaur,
32
,
35
,
38
,
70

bird,
309
,
312
,
324

cassowary,
292

Ceratopsian,
368

dinosaur,
30
,
34
,
49
,
52
,
244
,
277

dromaeosaur,
48

elephant,
339

herding-sauropod,
244

of insects,
241

narrow gauge,
29
,
336

ornithopod,
47
,
310

pachycephalosaur,
173–74
,
368

pattern,
28

quadrupedal dinosaur,
32
,
35

by running dinosaurs,
35

running-dinosaur,
35

sauropod,
31
,
43
,
46–47
,
244
,
368

“stalking theropod,”
48

theropod,
15
,
47
,
244
,
368

toad,
230

Triassic dinosauromorph tracks,
26

Triassic Period.
See
Early Triassic Period; Late Triassic Period; Middle Triassic Period

Triceratops
(three-horned),
1–6
,
10
,
13–14
,
31
,
54
,
66
,
131
,
141
,
162
,
169–72
,
182–85
,
261
,
348

Troodon
,
3
,
8
,
12
,
93–94
,
96
,
101–11
,
117–18
,
122
,
126
,
128
,
130
,
188
,
235
,
256
,
316
,
345
,
347
,
352

trophic cascade,
54
,
131

trot (trotting),
5
,
10
,
24
,
28–33
,
35

Two Medicine Formation of Montana,
101
,
252
,
256
,
258

two-legged.
See also
bipedal; four-legged

dinosaurs,
11
,
27
,
86
,
178

gait,
27

theropods and ornithopods,
57

tyrannosaurid,
236
,
250
,
260
,
262–63

Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex)
,
5–7
,
14
,
36–37
,
41
,
54–55
,
66
,
73–74
,
131
,
148
,
170–72
,
177
,
180
,
182–89
,
213
,
215
,
234
,
250
,
257
,
260–62
,
295
,
311
,
334
,
348
,
368

U

undertracks,
33
,
53
,
71
,
280

United Kingdom,
43
,
365

urolites (fossilized structures formed by urination),
226
,
242–43
,
245–46
,
368

Utah,
38–40
,
43–44
,
47–48
,
52
,
55
,
79
,
218
,
303
,
315
,
340
,
342–43

Utahraptor
,
303

V

Velociraptor
,
16
,
48
,
66
,
87
,
180

Victoria, Australia,
12
,
68
,
149
,
157
,
159
,
267–69
,
276–77
,
299
,
314
.
See also
Australia