Dirty Wars (106 page)

93
five-year plan
:
Rowan Scarborough, “Billions Needed to Fight al Qaeda; General Requests More Troops, Too,”
Washington Times
, September 24, 2002.

93
outpaced the military's abilities
:
Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “Ranks and Growing Pains in Taking Key Antiterror Role,”
New York Times
, August 2, 2004.

94
“
actionable intelligence
”:
Hersh, “Manhunt.”

94
“
intelligence wasn't good enough
”:
Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker,
Counterstrike: The Untold Story of America's Secret Campaign Against al Qaeda
(New York: Times Books, 2011).

94
“
fighting generals
”:
Hersh, “Manhunt.”

94
“
those who support them
”:
“Fact Sheet on New Counter-Terrorism and Cyberspace Positions; National Director and Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism General Wayne Downing (U.S. Army Ret.),” Office of the Press Secretary, October 9, 2001,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.ar-chives.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011009.html
.

94
“
blacker/lower visibility force
”:
Memo from General Wayne Downing to Secretary of Defense and Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Special Operations Forces Assessment,” November 9, 2005,
www.rumsfeld.com
.

94
“
bypassed Special Operations Command
”:
Author interview, Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson (Ret.), May 2011.

95
“
That's dangerous
”:
Ibid.

95
“
Gray Fox
”:
Ambinder and Grady,
The Command
, chap. 8, “The Activity.”

95
mirrored the capabilities
:
Barton Gellman, “Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain; New Espionage Branch Delving into CIA Territory,”
Washington Post
, January 23, 2005.

95
handed over to the CIA
:
Linda Robinson, “Moves That Matter; in the Intelligence Wars, a Pre-emptive Strike by the Pentagon Surprises Many in Congress,”
US News and World Report
, August 12, 2002.

95
Project Icon
:
Barton Gellman, “Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain; New Espionage Branch Delving into CIA Territory,”
Washington Post
, January 23, 2005.

95
“
new clandestine teams
”:
Josh White and Barton Gellman, “Defense Espionage Unit to Work with CIA,”
Washington Post
, January 25, 2005; Gellman, “Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain.”

95
Strategic Support Branch
:
Gellman, “Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain.”

95
transferred Gray Fox
:
Seymour M. Hersh, “The Coming Wars,”
New Yorker
, January 24, 2005.

96
“
emerging target countries,” “without detection
”:
Gellman, “Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain.” The following details
about “internal Pentagon documents” and the Strategic Support Branch come from the
Washington Post
.

96
“
viewed the CIA as a weak sister
”:
Author interview, Philip Giraldi, March 2012.

97
lose their Geneva Convention status
:
Colonel Kathryn Stone, “‘All Necessary Means'—Employing CIA Operatives in a War-fighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces,” USAWC Strategy Research Project (U.S. Army War College, 2003).

97
officially run
:
Barbara Starr, “Pentagon Runs Clandestine Intelligence-Gathering Infrastructure,” CNN.com, January 24, 2005.

97
Strategic Defense Initiative
:
Kerry Gildea, “Rumsfeld Adviser Brings Precise Analytical Approach to DoD Post,”
Defense Daily
, January 31, 2001.

97
special projects
:
Official Department of Defense biography, “Dr. Stephen A. Cambone; Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence,” January 13, 2006.

97
special assistant
:
Ibid.

97
“
The effort has to be global
”:
Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to unnamed recipient(s), “Memorandum 9/23/01,”
www.rumsfeld.com
.

97
“
Capabilities
”:
Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to Stephen Cambone, “Subject: Capabilities,” September 23, 2001,
www.rumsfeld.com
.

97
“
Opportunity
”:
Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to Stephen Cambone, “Subject: Opportunity,” September 26, 2001,
www.rumsfeld.com
.

97
“
They are all cast in the same mode
”:
Author interview, Colonel W. Patrick Lang (Ret.), September 2010. All statements and information attributed to Patrick Lang are from the author's interviews.

98
“
increase the total number
”:
Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to Paul Wolfowitz and Stephen Cambone, “Subject: Increase Special Forces,” January 15, 2002,
www.rumsfeld.com
.

98
free up as many shooters
:
Memo from Stephen A. Cambone to Donald Rumsfeld, “Subject: Conventional Forces/Special Forces,” September 16, 2002,
www.rumsfeld.com/library/
.

98
“
preliminary pre-clearance
”:
Rowan Scarborough,
Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004), p. 21.

98
“
Combat Applications Group
”:
Marc Ambinder, “Delta Force Gets a Name Change,”
TheAtlantic.com
, posted October 10, 2010.

98
“
number of steps
”:
Transcript, “DoD News Briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” January 7, 2003.

98
new portfolio
:
Thomas E. Ricks, “Rumsfeld Stands Tall After Iraq Victory,”
Washington Post
, April 20, 2003.

99
report directly
:
DoD Directive 5143.01, issued November 23, 2005, “Subject: Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (US-D(I)),”
www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d5143_OI.pdf
.

99
“
center of gravity
”:
Spencer Ackerman, “Rumsfeld's Intelligence Takeover,”
New Republic
, June 10, 2004.

99
“
Rumsfeld wasn't an evil man
”:
Author interview, former aide to Special Operations commander, June 2012.

99
original member
:
Biography of Lieutenant General William G. Boykin (Ret.),
www.kingdomwarriors.net/about.php
. Kingdom Warriors is a ministry founded by General Boykin and Dr. Stuart K. Weber.

99
“
saw great opportunities
”:
Memorandum for the record prepared by Bonnie D. Jenkins, counsel on the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (9/11 Commission), “Interview of Major General William Boykin,” November 7, 2003,
www.archives.gov/research/9-11/commission-memoranda.html
. The following characterizations and quotes from Boykin come from Jenkins's description of the interview.

99
“
dangerous for U.S. foreign policy
”:
Jennifer D. Kibbe, “The Rise of the Shadow Warriors,”
Foreign Affairs
83 (2) (March-April 2004): 102.

100
“
It kinda went wild
”:
Author interview, Vincent Cannistraro, August 2010.

100
“
shown a propensity
”:
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, H.R. Rep. No. 111-186 (2009) (accompanying H.R. 2701).

100
“
thrown under the bus
”:
Author interview, Colonel Douglas Macgregor, August 2010. All information and statements attributed to Colonel Macgregor come from the author's interview, unless otherwise noted.

100
famous tank battle
:
Richard J. Newman, “Renegades Finish Last: A Colonel's Innovative Ideas Don't Sit Well with the Brass,”
US News and World Report
, July 20, 1997.

101
“
By entering the friendly country
”:
Stone, “‘All Necessary Means.'”

102
son of an Army general
:
Dexter Filkins, “Stanley McChrystal's Long War,”
New York Times Magazine
, October 14, 2009.

102
enrolled at West Point
:
Ibid.

102
“
troublemaker
”:
Evan Thomas, “McChrystal's War,”
Newsweek
, September 25, 2009.

102
mock raid
:
Michael Hastings,
The Operators: The Wild and Terrifying Inside Story
of America's War in Afghanistan
(New York: Blue Rider Press, 2012), p. 161.

102
graduated
:
“Biography of General Stanley McChrystal,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2010,
www.cfr.org/afghanistan/bi-ography-general-stanley-mcchrystal/pi9396
. Information about McChrystal's education and military assignments comes from the biography, unless otherwise noted.

102
“
I missed Panama
”:
Thomas, “McChrystal's War.”

102
revolutionized
:
Hastings,
The Operators
, pp. 171-172.

102
“
I've never shot anyone
”:
Thomas, “McChrystal's War.”

103
“
My Ranger peers
”:
Dalton Fury, “The Pope,”
Small Wars Journal
, May 14, 2009. All quotations of Dalton Fury come from this essay.

103
“
the Rangers were just as skilled
”:
Ibid.

103
Military Fellowship Selection Board
:
“Overview of the Studies Program, 1998-99,” Council on Foreign Relations.

104
“
It is military reality
”:
Stanley A. McChrystal, “Memorandum to the President,” in
Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doctrine: Three Options Presented as Memoranda to the President
, Project Director Alton Frye, Council Policy Initiative, Council on Foreign Relations (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), pp. 56, 62.

104
forward headquarters
:
“Combined Joint Task Force 82,”
GlobalSecurity.org
, accessed June 1, 2012,
www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/cjtf-180.htm
.

104
ran a “hybrid organization
”:
Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Shaffer,
Operation Dark Heart: Spycraft and Special Ops on the Frontlines of Afghanistan
—
and the Path to Victory
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010), p.29.

104
task force's mission
:
Dr. Donald P. Wright, James R. Bird, Steven E. Clay, Peter W. Connors, Lieutenant Colonel Scott C. Farquhar, Lynne Chandler Garcia, and Dennis F. Van Wey,
A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation Enduring Freedom, October 2001-September 2005
(Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2010), pp. 209-210.

104
interrogating prisoners, night raids
:
Ibid., p. 220.

104
“
blueprint for the war against terrorism
”:
Elizabeth Neuffer, “Fighting Terror; Afghanistan on the Front Lines: In US Strategy, Myriad Hazards; Some See Tactics Bolstering Role of Local Warlords,”
Boston Globe
, July 7, 2002.

104
prisoner abuse scandal
:
Senate Committee on Armed Services, Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody, S. Prt. 110-54, pp. 151-152 (2008).

104
tried in connection
:
Lianne Hart, “Afghan Detainee's Leg Was ‘Pulpified,' Witness Says,”
Los Angeles Times
, March 23, 2005.

105
director of intelligence
:
“Lieutenant General Michael T. Flynn, USA, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency,” Defense Intelligence Agency, accessed August 10, 2012,
www.dia.mil/about/leadership/director.html
. Information about General Flynn's military career is from his official biography, unless otherwise noted.

105
hard-partying surfer
:
Hastings,
The Operators
, p. 27.

105
“
equipped with low density systems
”:
Second Lieutenant Ethan T. Vessels, “Pillar of Intelligence Training: The IIIth MI Brigade,”
Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin
21 (4) (October 1995), at
www.fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/1995-4/vessels.htm
.

105
“
The super secret
”:
William Arkin, “Secret Soldiers: Will Our Military Be Dominated by Forces Shielded from Scrutiny?” op-ed,
Los Angeles Times
, June 22, 2003.

105
one thousand personnel
:
Josh White, “US Generals in Iraq Were Told of Abuse Early, Study Finds,”
Washington Post
, December 1, 2004.

105
“
among the first troops
”:
Dana Priest and William Arkin,
Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State
(New York: Little, Brown, 2011), p. 235.