Dirty Wars (105 page)

81
visiting the Agency
:
Dana Priest and Walter Pincus, “Some Iraq Analysts Felt Pressure from Cheney Visits,”
Washington Post,
June 5, 2003.

81
significant push-back
:
Bryan Burrough, Evgenia Peretz, David Rose, and David Wise, “The Path to War,”
Vanity Fair,
November 2004, p. 228.

81
“
no credible information
”:
January 2003 CIA report, “Iraqi Support for Terrorism,” excerpted in “Report of an Inquiry into the Alternative Analysis of the Issue of an Iraq-al Qaeda Relationship,” by Senator Carl Levin, October 21, 2004.

82
“
contradict the CIA's own analyses
”:
Robert Dreyfuss, “The Pentagon Muzzles the CIA,”
American Prospect,
November 21, 2002.

82
“
It's [Feith's] shop
”:
Transcript, “Department of Defense Press Briefing, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Gen. Richard B. Myers, Chairman, JCS,” October 24, 2002.

82
“
helping us sift
”:
Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “Pentagon Sets Up Intelligence Unit,”
New York Times,
October 24, 2002.

82
justification for an invasion of Iraq
:
Seymour M. Hersh, “Selective Intelligence: Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources—Are They Really Reliable?”
New Yorker,
May 12, 2003.

82
“
do it a lot better
”:
Author interview, Colonel Lawrence B. Wilkerson (Ret.), May 2011.

82
Libby, made repeated trips
:
Julian Borger, “The Spies Who Pushed for War,”
Guardian,
July 17, 2003.

82
Newt Gingrich
:
Ibid.

82
William Luti
:
Franklin Foer and Spencer Ackerman, “The Radical; What Dick Cheney Really Believes,”
New Republic,
November 20, 2003.

83
taken a year to produce
:
Michael Isikoff and David Corn,
Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007), p. 6.

83
commandeer a conference room
:
Ibid., pp. 3–4.

83
“
hell-bent
”:
Rodriguez,
Hard Measures,
p. 125.

83
“
unprecedented
”:
Ray McGovern, “Cheney Chicanery,”
CommonDreams.org
, July 29, 2003.

83
“‘
alternative' assessment
”:
Senator Carl Levin, “Report of an Inquiry into the Alternative Analysis of the Issue of an Iraq-al Qaeda Relationship,” October 21, 2004, p. 10.

83
Feith edited his reports
:
Ibid., pp. 16–24.

83
“
conveyed a perception
”:
Ibid., p. 23.

83
“
deprived of the opportunity
”:
Ibid., p. 24.

84
“
unusual
”:
Ibid., p. 14.

84
discredited intelligence
:
Ibid., p. 15.

84
CIA attempts to discredit
”:
Ibid.

84
“
questionable intelligence reports
”:
Ibid., p. 16.

84
“
operational relationship
”:
Stephen F. Hayes, “Case Closed: The U.S. Government's Secret Memo Detailing Cooperation Between Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden,”
Weekly Standard
9 (11), November 24, 2003.

85
Some of the FBI personnel were disgusted
:
Ali Soufan, “My Tortured Decision,”
New York Times,
April 22, 2009,
www.nytimes.com/2009/04/23/opinion/23soufan.html
.

85
detained more than 3,000
:
James Risen and David Johnston, “Bush Has Widened Authority of C.I.A. to Kill Terrorists,”
New York Times,
December 15, 2002.

85
“
It is not going right
”:
Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to Stephen Cambone, “Subject: Intel,” May 5, 2002,
rumsfeld.com
.

86
“
Defense Department task
”:
Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to Stephen Cambone, General Myers copied, “Subject: Finding Terrorists,” May 31, 2002,
rumsfeld.com
.

86
rescue, resisting
:
“About the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency,” United States Joint Forces Command, accessed September 5, 2012,
www.jpra.mil/site_/files/04/90/40/f049040/public/about/about.htm
.

86
“
totalitarian evil nation
”:
Transcript, documentary film,
Torturing Democracy,
an interview with Malcolm Nance, produced by Sherry Jones, co-produced by Carey Murphy and Washington Media Associates, in association with the National Security Archive (interview November 15, 2008).

86
During training
:
Documents provided in confidence to the author, as well as interviews with SERE participants and former in
structors, November 2009 and January 2012; see also Jane Mayer, “The Experiment: The Military Trains People to Withstand Interrogation—Are Those Methods Being Misused at Guantanamo?”
New Yorker,
July 11, 2005.

86
“
enemy torture methods
”:
Author interview, Malcolm Nance, May 2011. All information and statements attributed to Malcolm Nance are from the author's interview.

86
regimes and terror groups
:
Ibid.

86
running the interrogation, not harsh enough
:
Marc Ambinder and D. B. Grady,
The Command: Deep Inside the President's Secret Army
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2012, Kindle edition). “By October 2002, an internal JSOC assessment of interrogations at Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, and [Gitmo] found that the resistance techniques of enemy combatants ‘outmatched' the interrogation techniques of US forces. Higher [HQ] was not satisfied with the results, and JSOC picked up the rope.”

86
“
From the beginning
”:
Colonel Steven Kleinman, prepared testimony for the Senate Armed Services Hearing, “The Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody,” September 25, 2008. The following quotes from Kleinman are from his prepared testimony.

87
reverse-engineered
:
Senate Committee on Armed Services, Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in US Custody, S. Prt. 110-54, Executive Summary at xiv, November 20, 2008.

87
“
flagrantly violated the laws of war
”:
Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz, “Prepared Statement: Senate Armed Services Committee ‘Military Commissions,'” December 12, 2001.

87
“
exploitation
”:
Senate Committee on Armed Services, Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees, p. 6.

88
“
neither reliable nor accurate
”:
JPRA memorandum to Pentagon's Office of the General Counsel, “Operational Issues Pertaining to the Use of Physical/Psychological Coercion in Interrogation: An Overview,” July 2002,
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/pdf/JPRA-Memo_042409.pdf
.

88
“
detainee resistance
”:
Senate Committee on Armed Services, Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees, Executive Summary, at xiv.

88
“
exploitation plan
”:
Ibid.

88
receiving training
:
Joby Warrick and Peter Finn, “Harsh Tactics Readied Before Their Approval,”
Washington Post
, April 22, 2009.

88
“
effects of waterboarding,” “list of SERE techniques,” Richard Shiffrin
:
Senate Armed Services Committee Report, Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees, Executive Summary, at xiv.

88
“
mind-control experiments
”:
Mark Mazzetti, “Ex-Pentagon Lawyers Face Inquiry on Interrogation Role,”
New York Times
, June 17, 2008.

88
same information
:
Senate Committee on Armed Services, Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees, p. 31.

88
National Security Council
:
Peter Finn and Joby Warrick, “2002 Document Referred to Extreme Duress as ‘Torture,' Warned of Techniques' Unreliability,”
Washington Post
, April 25, 2009.

89
“
even death
”:
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel, Office of the Assistant Attorney General, “Memo for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President; Re: Standards for Conduct for Interrogation under 18 USC, sections 2340-2340 A,” August 1, 2002.

89
legal justification
:
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel, Office of the Assistant Attorney General, “Memorandum for John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency,” August 1, 2002.

89
“
deniability
”:
Transcript, “Hard Measures,” interview by Lesley Stahl,
60 Minutes
, CBS, April 29, 2012.

89
specific interrogation techniques
:
Joby Warrick and Dan Egan, “Hill Briefed on Waterboarding in 2002,”
Washington Post
, December 9, 2007.

89
never briefed
:
Paul Kane, “Pelosi Denies Knowing Interrogation Techniques Were Used,” Capitol Briefing (blog),
Washington Post
, April 23 2009,
http://voices.washing-tonpost.com/capitol-briefing/2009/04/pelo-si_denies_knowing_interrog.html
. However, under continued public pressure, Pelosi further admitted that later, after she had left the Intelligence Committee, an aide informed her of their use; see Deirdre Walsh, “Source: Aide told Pelosi Waterboarding Had Been Used,” CNN.com, May 12, 2009.

89
claimed otherwise
:
Warrick and Egan, “Hill Briefed on Waterboarding in 2002.”

89
Some were snatched
:
International Committee of the Red Cross, “ICRC Report on the Treatment of Fourteen ‘High Value Detainees' in CIA Custody,” February 2007. The following descriptions of inhumane treatment in US custody are from the Red Cross report.

90
“
ten different sites
”:
Ibid., p. 6.

90
“
experimenting
”:
Ibid., p. 31.

91
“
designated unlawful combatants
”:
Ambinder and Grady,
The Command
, chap. 3, “Interrogations and Intelligence.”

91
reporting to the White House
:
Greg Miller, “Cheney OK'd Harsh CIA Tactics,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 16, 2008.

91
Copper Green, Matchbox
:
Ambinder
and Grady,
The Command
, chap. 3, “Interrogations and Intelligence.”

91
legal definition of covert action
:
Title 50 US Code, Section 413b, “Presidential Approval and Reporting of Covert Actions.”

91
prevent scandals
:
Richard A. Best Jr., “Covert Action: Legislative Background and Possible Policy Questions,” Congressional Research Service, December 27, 2011.

92
“
clandestine operations
”:
Joint Publication 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, November 8, 2010 (As Amended Through November 15, 2012).

92
“
Traditional Military Activities
”:
Joint Explanatory Statement of the Committee of Conference, H.R. 1455, July 25, 1991. “It is the intent of the conferees that ‘traditional military activities' include activities by military personnel under the direction and control of a United States military commander (whether or not the U.S. sponsorship of such activities is apparent or later to be acknowledged) preceding and related to hostilities which are either anticipated (meaning approval has been given by the National Command Authorities for the activities and or operational planning for hostilities) to involve U.S. military forces, or where such hostilities involving United States military forces are ongoing, and, where the fact of the U.S. role in the overall operation is apparent or to be acknowledged publicly. In this regard, the conferees intend to draw a line between activities that are and are not under the direction and control of the military commander. Activities that are not under the direction and control of a military commander should not be considered as ‘traditional military activities.'”

92
no real-time oversight rights
:
Seymour M. Hersh, “Preparing the Battlefield; The Bush Administration Steps Up Its Secret Moves Against Iran,”
New Yorker
, July 7, 2008.

92
“
Preparing the Battlespace,” Advance Force Operations
:
Michael Respass, “Combating Terrorism with Preparation of the Battlespace,” Strategy Research Project, US Army War College, July 4, 2003.

92
work-around
:
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, H.R. Rep. No. 111-186 (2009) (accompanying H.R. 2701).

93
delegating military assets
:
50 United States Code, Section 413b, “Presidential Approval and Reporting of Covert Actions.”

93
“
organize for a manhunt,” “develop a plan
”:
Seymour M. Hersh, “Manhunt: The Bush Administration's New Strategy in the War Against Terrorism,”
New Yorker
, December 23, 2002.