Ebony and Ivy (54 page)

44
. Joseph Bailey Witherspoon,
The History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family (1400–1972)
(Fort Worth, TX: Miran, 1973), 18–156; Daniel Walker Hollis,
University of South Carolina
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951–56), I:7–8, 98–99; Edwin L. Green,
A History of the University of South Carolina
(Columbia: State Company, 1916), 388, 441, 445.

45
. On the spread of Presbyterian academies in Mississippi, see David G. Sansing,
The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History
(Oxford: University of Mississippi Press, 1999), 3–19.

46
. Witherspoon,
History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family
; David Dobson,
Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 1607–1785
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), 66–80; Woodward, ed.,
Mary Chesnut's Civil War
, 195n–210n.

47
. Witherspoon,
History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family
, 18–109;
Heads of Family at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: North Carolina
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 131; Virginia D. Harrington,
The New York Merchant on the Eve of the Revolution
(Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964), 51, 209; John Witherspoon to David Witherspoon, Hampden Sydney, Virginia, 17 March 1777, John Witherspoon Collection, Box 1, Folder 20; Richard A. Harrison,
Princetonians, 1769–1775: A Biographical Dictionary
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 442–45; Samuel A. Ashe, ed.,
Biographical History of North Carolina: From Colonial Times to the Present
(Greensboro, NC:
Charles L. Van Noppen, 1906), V:487–88. A valuable census of Scots emigrants in the Carolinas is compiled in David Dobson,
Directory of Scots in the Carolinas, 1680–1830
(Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1986).

48
. Patrick Griffin,
The People with No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689–1764
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 1–3, 65–124; Charles W. J. Withers,
Urban Highlanders: Highland-Lowland Migration and Urban Gaelic Culture, 1700–1900
(East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998), 4; Lefler and Powell,
Colonial North Carolina
, 210–12; Bumsted,
The People's Clearances
, 2–80; Robert A. Dodgshon,
From Chiefs to Landlords: Social and Economic Change in the Western Highlands and Islands, c. 1493–1820
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), 102–18, 237–43; T. M. Devine,
Clanship to Crofter's War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), 177–84; Duane Gilbert Meyer,
The Highland Scots of North Carolina, 1732–1776
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961). On the scope and pattern of Highland outmigration in the nineteenth century, see T. M. Devine,
The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century
(Edinburgh: John Donald, 1988).

49
. Douglas Sloan,
The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal
(New York: Teachers College Press, 1971), 109–10; John Witherspoon to Benjamin Rush, 21 December 1767, 9 February 1769, John Witherspoon Collection, Box 1, Folder 13;
New-York Gazette
, 20 March 1769; Samuel Miller,
Memoir of the Rev. John Rodgers, D.D.: Late Pastor of the Wall Street and Brick Churches, in the City of New York
(Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1840), 19–26, 140. John Rodgers delivered the eulogy at the memorial for John Witherspoon in Princeton.
Argus
, 22 June 1795.

50
. By the 1770s, New Jersey residents were less than a quarter of the student body, and Madison's class included only one person from the colony. Collins,
President Witherspoon
, II:216–17; Edward C. Mead, ed.,
Genealogical History of the Lee Family of Virginia and Maryland from A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1866 with Notes and Illustrations
(New York: Richardson, 1868), appendix; Gaillard Hunt,
The Life of James Madison
(New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902), 14–15; Harrison,
Princetonians, 1769–1775
, 301–8. Members of the classes of 1770 and 1771, respectively, Wallace and Madison, both Virginians, became close friends while in Princeton and even visited while home in Virginia. Richard Harrison,
Princetonians, 1776–1783: A Biographical Dictionary
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), xxix–xxxii, 116–22, 160–65; John Witherspoon to Colonel Henry Lee, 20 December 1770, John Witherspoon Collection, Box 1, Folder 11.

51
. Robert Polk Thomson, “Colleges in the Revolutionary South: The Shaping of a Tradition,”
History of Education Quarterly
, Winter 1970, 399; Sloan,
Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal
, 20–21n, 36–41;
Donald G. Tewksbury,
The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War with Particular Reference to the Religious Influences Bearing upon the College Movement
(New York: Teachers College, 1932), 69.

52
. Elizabeth Brown Pryor, “An Anonymous Person: The Northern Tutor in Plantation Society, 1773–1860,”
Journal of Southern History
, August 1981, 363–92; J. Blake Scott, “John Witherspoon's Normalizing Pedagogy of Ethos,”
Rhetoric Review
, Autumn 1997, 63–64.

53
. Hunter Dickinson Farish, ed.,
Journal and Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1773–1774: A Plantation Tutor of the Old Dominion
(Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg, 1943), esp. 3–12; Harrison,
Princetonians, 1769–1775
, 216–21. On Fithian's graduation and commencement, see
Providence Gazette
, 24 October 1772.

54
. Farish, ed.,
Journal and Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian
, esp. 351, 113–14; Harrison,
Princetonians, 1769–1775
, 420–22.

55
. Robert Donald Come, “The Influence of Princeton on Higher Education in the South Before 1825,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1945, 359–96; John D. Wright Jr.,
Transylvania: Tutor to the West
(Lexington, KY: Transylvania University, 1975), 1–18; Thomas G. Dyer,
The University of Georgia: A Bicentennial History, 1785–1985
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 1–45;
Boston Post Boy
, 25 July 1768; Lefler and Powell,
Colonial North Carolina
, 212–13; Marshall DeLancey Haywood, “The Story of Queen's College or Liberty Hall in the Province of North Carolina,”
North Carolina Booklet
, January 1912, 169–75; William D. Snider,
Light on the Hill: A History of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 3–37; Walter Clark, ed.,
The State Records of North Carolina: Published Under the Supervision of the Trustees of the Public Libraries, by Order of the General Assembly
(1903; Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot, 1994), XXI:265, 325, 415–17, 709, 718.

56
. Tewksbury,
Founding of American Colleges and Universities
, 69–71; James McLachlan,
Princetonians, 1748–1768: A Biographical Dictionary
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 21–23, 157–60, 289–92.

57
. Witherspoon,
History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family
, 103–4; Come, “Influence of Princeton on Higher Education,” 365–76; Pryor, “An Anonymous Person,” 389.

58
. Harrison,
Princetonians, 1769–1775
, 116–22; “Negroes for Hire,” bill dated 19 December 1826, Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, John Spencer Bassett Papers, Box 32, Folder 13, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; “Old College,” Tusculum College, no. Tenn-157, Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress.

59
. Edward Long,
The History of Jamaica, or, General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island: With Reflections on Its Situation, Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws, and Government
(London: T. Lowndes, 1774), I:278–79; Hollis,
University of South Carolina
, I:7–8;
Eric Williams,
From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean
(New York: Vintage, 1984), 132–33.

60
. Witherspoon,
History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family
, 59, 71; Marion Mills Miller,
American Debate: A History of Political and Economic Controversy in the United States, with Critical Digests of Leading Debates
, part I,
Colonial, State, and National Rights, 1761–1861
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916), 164–65.

1
. Wheelock arrived with some thirty scholars, most of them charity students supported under funds raised in Britain. Many of these boys were not in the college course. In 1771, the first graduating class comprised four students, including Wheelock's son John, who transferred from Yale.

Dow died in 1817 at age one hundred. Governor Wentworth was so generous that Wheelock proposed naming the college after him, but the honoree declined. The minister then recognized another benefactor: William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth. One of the early campus buildings was named for Wentworth.

Professor Deborah K. King of Dartmouth College is producing new work on gender and enslavement in colonial and early national New England, which she has generously shared over the years. Deborah K. King, “Still Embattled, Yet Emboldened: Contesting Black Female Embodiments,” Black Womanhood Symposium, 12 April 2008, Hood Museum, Dartmouth College; Eleazar Wheelock,
A Continuation of the Narrative of the Indian Charity School, Begun in Lebanon, in Connecticut; Now Incorporated with Dartmouth-College in Hanover, in the Province of New-Hampshire
(New Hampshire, 1773), esp. 3–5; Samson Occom to Eleazar Wheelock, 4 October 1765, #765554.2, Dartmouth College Archives; Eleazar Wheelock to George Whitefield, 27 August 1770, in Baxter Perry Smith,
The History of Dartmouth College
(Boston: Houghton, Osgood, 1878), 55–56; John King Lord,
A History of the Town of Hanover, N.H
. (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, 1928), 148–49, 301–2; Leon Burr Richardson,
History of Dartmouth College
(Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Publications, 1932), I:102–7; Lawrence Shaw Mayo,
John Wentworth: Governor of New Hampshire, 1767–1775
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921), 110;
The Records of the Town of Hanover, New Hampshire, 1761–1818:The Records of the Town Meetings, and of the Selectmen, Comprising All of the First Volume of Records and Being Volume 1 of the Printed Records of the Town
(Hanover, NH: By the town, 1905), 6–9; Elizabeth Forbes Morison and Elting E. Morison,
New Hampshire: A Bicentennial History
(New York: Norton, 1976), 22.

2
. Eleazar Wheelock to Sachem Gill at St. Francis, 1 November 1777, #777601, and “Roster of Names of Pupils Attending Charity School, Chiefly 1760–1775,” Rauner Library, Dartmouth College; Colin G. Calloway, ed.,
Dawnland Encounters: Indians and Europeans in Northern New England
(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1991), 243–45; Colin G. Calloway,
The Indian History of an American Institution: Native Americans and Dartmouth
(Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, 2010), esp. 1–37; Dartmouth College, “Catalogus eorum qui in Collegio-Dartmuthensi (a Reverendo Eleazaro Wheelock S.T.D divinis auspiciis) Nov-Hantoniae …” (Hanover, NH: Alden Spooner, 1779);
The General Catalogue of Dartmouth College and Associated Schools, 1769–1940
(Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Publications, 1940), esp. 70.

3
. John and Isaac Lawrence owned land and slaves in New Jersey and New York. They supported the regional colleges. “Rutgers University Board of Trustees Records, 1778–1956, Series I: Queens College Board of Trustees, 1778–1829,” Folder 1, Special Collections and University Archives, Alexander Library, Rutgers University.

4
. Evarts B. Greene and Virginia D. Harrington,
American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), 5; Herbert S. Klein,
A Population History of the United States
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 20, 139–40; Graham Russell Hodges, “Ethnicity in Eighteenth-Century North America, 1701–1788,” in Ronald H. Bayor, ed.,
Race and Ethnicity in America
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 21–40;
Return of the Whole Number of Persons within the Several Districts of the United States, According to “An Act Providing for the Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States,” Passed March the First, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety-One
(Philadelphia: Childs and Swaine, 1791), esp. 3; Russell Thornton,
American Indian Holocaust and Survival
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), esp. 60–90.

5
. Greene and Harrington,
American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790
, esp. 15–17, 49–50, 63, 71–72, 115–19;
Boston News-Letter
, 3 July 1704, in Charles J. Hoadly, ed.,
The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, from May, 1762, to October, 1767, inclusive
(Hartford, CT: Case, Lockwood, and Brainard, 1850–), V:516, 534, VII:580–85; “Answers returned to the Queries sent the Governor and Company of His Majesty's Colony of Connecticut from the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, A.D. 1762,” Massachusetts Historical Society.

6
. Graham Russell Hodges,
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), esp. 272–75; Greene and Harrington,
American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790
, 92–100; Gary B. Nash, “Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1973, 223–56; Jean R. Soderlund, “Black Importation and Migration to
Southeastern Pennsylvania, 1682–1810,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, June 1989, 144–53.