Einstein and the Quantum (54 page)

Lectures on the Theory of Gases,
36

Lenard, Philip,
79
,
135
,
207
–
208

Light: absorption,
75
–
77
,
270
–
271
; Bose on quantum properties of,
219
–
224
,
228
; De Broglie's theory on,
245
–
247
; Einstein's “fusion” theory of,
137
; Einstein's heuristic point of view on,
70
–
79
; Einstein's paper on quanta of,
67
–
69
,
281
; emission theory of,
137
; and the ether,
83
–
85
; ghost fields and,
198
–
199
,
209
–
211
; laws of thermodynamics and,
9
–
10
; Maxwell's wave theory of,
70
; Nernst lamp and,
143
–
144
; photoelectric effect,
78
–
79
; Planck's response to Einstein's heuristic theory of,
80
–
81
; Planck's study of,
5
,
6
–
7
; stimulated emission of,
186
,
224
–
225
; spontaneous emission of,
186
,
224
–
225
; Stokes rule,
76
–
77
; wave frequency,
75
–
76
; wave theory of,
70
,
83
,
137
.
See also
Electromagnetic (EM) radiation
;
Quantum theory

Light quanta,
122
,
125
,
187
,
217
,
226
,
228
,
272
,
279
; blackbody law and,
74
,
88
; Bose's method of counting,
233
; De Broglie on,
245
,
247
,
250
,
252
; Einstein's correspondence with Lorentz regarding,
134
–
135
,
174
; Einstein's work on,
84
–
85
,
221
; force of radiation and,
139
; fusion theory of,
137
; ghost fields and,
209
–
210
; photoelectric effect and,
78
; Planck on,
80
,
90
–
91
,
93
,
127
; particulate concept of,
182
,
196
; pointlike energy packets of light and,
132
; radiation properties and,
153
–
155
,
192
,
198
; specific heat and,
106
,
148
; ultraviolet catastrophe and,
97
,
101
.
See also
Photons

Linear oscillator,
174
–
175
,
187

Lippmann, Gabriel,
121

Liquids,
39
; Bose-Einstein condensation and,
237
–
238

Lorentz, Hendrik,
14
,
50
,
80
–
81
,
84
,
89
,
118
–
121
,
125
,
126
,
158
,
192
; Einstein's correspondence with,
130
–
135
,
153
–
154
,
167
,
194
,
197
,
241
; on ghost fields,
198
; opinion of Einstein,
123
–
124
; opinion of Einstein's Relativity Theory,
118
; on Planck's formula,
92
; on quantum theory and classical physics,
171
–
172
,
173
; Solvay Congress and,
149
–
150
,
171
–
172

Loschmidt, Josef,
38

Lyman, Theodore,
178

Mach, Ernst,
116
,
255

Magnetism,
30
–
31
,
33

Mauguin, Charles,
250

Maric, Mileva.
See
Einstein, Mileva

Maric Maric, Milos,
23

Markwalder, Stephanie,
21
–
22

Markwalder, Suzanne,
21
–
22

Marsden, Ernest,
172

Mass,
30
–
31
,
245
–
246

Massless nature of photons,
155
–
156
,
265

Matrix mechanics,
271
–
274
,
280
,
289
; Einstein's opinion of,
271
–
272
; equivalence to wave mechanics,
273

Matter,
30

Matter waves,
265
,
274
–
277

Maxwell, James Clerk,
6
,
12
–
14
,
17
,
45
,
48
–
49
,
51
,
54
,
89
,
102
,
104
,
132
,
140
,
259
; on atomic theory,
37
–
38
; Einstein's study of,
36
,
84
–
85
,
153
; Faraday's law and,
32
–
33
; influence on Einstein,
50
; on intelligent design,
42
–
43
; on movement of molecules,
38
–
39
; Newtonian mechanics and,
42
; philosophy of science,
31
–
32
; on Queen Victoria,
32
; on Second Law of thermodynamics,
55
; statistical mechanics and,
40
–
42
; wave theory of light,
70
,
83
; wealth of,
165

Maxwell-Boltzmann theory,
38

Maxwell's Demon,
55

Maxwell's equations: Boltzmann on,
33
; Einstein on,
35
; Lorentz on,
35
; quantum theory and,
154
–
156
,
197
; Schrödinger and,
263
,
265
; significance of,
34
–
5

McCarthy, Eugene,
227

Metals, atomic properties of,
45

Meyer, George,
129

Meyer-Schmid, Anna,
129
–
130

Millikan, Robert,
142
,
213

Minkowski, Hermann,
17
,
19
,
20
,
123
–
124
,
136

Mittag-Leffler, Gosta,
121

Molecules: Doppler effect,
190
–
191
; Einstein's hypothesis on atomic theory and,
45
–
46
; entropy,
51
–
55
,
74
; gas,
39
–
41
; light absorption,
75
–
77
; movement of,
38
–
40
; potential energy,
68
–
69
; resonator,
91
–
93

Mookerjee, Asutosh,
218

Motion: Boltzmann's constant and gas,
51
–
55
; diffusion,
39
; Doppler effect,
190
–
191
; molecular,
38
–
40
,
51
–
55
; Newton's laws of,
27
–
30
,
32
; periodic,
174
–
175
theory of relativity and,
161

Nature
,
100

Nernst, Walther,
141
–
143
,
272
,
281
; character of,
142
–
143
; influence on Einstein,
146
–
148
,
154
,
163
–
165
,
228
; opinion on diamond experiment,
106
; opinion on Einstein,
141
; opinion on General Relativity,
181
; Solvay and,
149
–
150
; Third Law of thermodynamics,
144
–
145
,
238
(
see also
Nernst's Law
); work of,
141
–
148
,
157
,
165
,
174
,
208
,
228
–
229
; World War I and,
168
,
169

Nernst lamp,
143
–
144

Nernst's law,
145
–
146
,
238

Neutrons,
81

Newton, Isaac,
6
,
12
,
13
,
17
,
34
–
35
,
46
,
89
,
205
; influence on Einstein,
35

Newtonian mechanics,
27
–
30
,
42
,
81
,
97
,
106
,
152
,
154
,
163
,
200

Newton's First Law,
28
,
60

Newton's Second Law,
28
,
30
,
32

New York Times
,
205

Nicolai, George,
168

Nobel prizes,
111
,
113
–
114
,
117
–
118
,
144
,
170
,
195
,
212
–
213
,
252
; Einstein's nominations of Heisenberg and Schrödinger for,
280
; won by Einstein,
282

Non-linear processes with photons,
76

Olympia Academy,
63
–
66
,
212

“On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light,”
67

“On Einstein's Gas Theory,”
262

Onnes, H. K.,
149
,
229

“On the Development of Our Views concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation,”
136

“On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem,”
126
–
127

“On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein,”
201

“On the Quantum Theory of Radiation,”
188

Orbital energy,
174
–
178
,
183
–
184
,
200
–
202

Oscillation: harmonic,
199
–
200
,
270
; Heisenberg on,
270
–
271
; linear,
174
–
175
,
187
; Schrödinger on,
275
–
276

Ostwald, Wilhelm,
113
,
142

Particles,
81
,
96
,
137
,
284
; Bose on,
221
–
222
; de Broglie on,
247
–
249
; energy fluctuations and,
250
–
251
; Nernst's heat theorem for,
228
–
229
; principle of least action,
200

Paschen, Friedrich,
184

Patent office, Bern,
46
–
47
,
62
–
63
,
66
,
122
–
123

Pauli, Wolfgang,
136
,
238
,
255
,
269
,
271
,
273

Peak frequency,
95
–
96

Periodic motion,
174
–
175

Pernet, Jean,
18

Perrin, Jean,
40
,
142
,
149
,
157
,
250

Petit, Alex,
103
–
104

Philosophical Magazine
,
215
,
218

Photoelectric effect,
78
–
79
,
213

Photons,
71
,
75
,
155
–
156
,
182
,
193
,
221
–
223
,
230
,
281
; bosonic nature of,
217
; de Broglie on,
245
–
246
; gas of,
221
–
223
,
230
; ghost fields and,
276
; lack of deterministic laws for,
198
; massless nature of,
155
–
156
,
265
; non-linear processes with,
76
; Planck on,
80
,
140
.
See also
Light quanta

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt,
165

Pickering, E. C.,
178

Pickering-Fowler spectrum,
178
–
179

Planck, Max,
4
,
67
,
71
,
124
,
127
,
146
,
147
,
164
,
165
,
192
,
213
,
229
,
255
,
272
,
274
,
281
,
292
; blackbody radiation and,
56
–
60
; Boltzmann's principle and,
56
–
58
; de Broglie on,
244
; Einstein's thoughts on,
26
–
27
,
73
–
74
,
285
; on fundamental constants,
116
–
117
; German Physical Society and,
5
,
8
,
10
–
13
; Nobel prize,
113
–
114
; response to Einstein's heuristic theory of light quanta,
80
–
81
; Solvay and,
149
; support for Einstein's special theory of relativity,
88
–
89
; as a theoretical physicist,
5
–
6
,
13
–
14
; on theory of relativity,
151
; World War I and,
168