Einstein and the Quantum (47 page)

88
It is largely due to
: Folsing,
Albert Einstein
, 201.

89
simply a systematic
…
There has been a false
: Ibid., 211.

89
but more urgent than
: Planck to Einstein, 6 July 1907,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 47, p. 31.

90
sufficient to account for all
: Einstein, “On a Heuristic Point of View,” 90.

90
In a study published last year
: Albert Einstein, “On the Theory of Light Production and Light Absorption” [original article no. 8 in References], reprinted in
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 34, p. 192.

92
Hence we must view the following proposition
: Ibid., 195.

92
For if the energy of a resonator
…
In my opinion
: Ibid., 196.

CHAPTER 12. CALAMITY JEANS

Page

95
the domain of natural sciences
: J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Roberston, “Presidential Address to the British Association in Montreal in 1884,” last modified February 2005, accessed 20 February 2009,
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk./Biographies/Rayleigh.html
.

95
little more than a conjecture
: Lord Rayleigh, “Remarks upon the Law of Complete Radiation” [original article no. 3 in References], reprinted in
Scientific Papers by Lord Rayleigh
, vol. 6, doc. 260, p. 483.

97
what would appear to be wanted
: Lord Rayleigh, “The Law of Partition of Kinetic Energy” [original article no. 5 in References], reprinted in
Scientific Papers by Lord Rayleigh
, vol. 6, doc. 253, p. 451.

98
the question is one to be settled
: Rayleigh, “Remarks upon the Law,” 484.

98
although for some reason
: Ibid.

99
If an interaction between aether and matter
: Hermann,
Genesis of Quantum Theory
, 33.

100
We can now trace the course
: Ibid.

102
he is the model of the theorist
: Planck to Wien, 27 February 1909, in Heilbron,
Dilemmas of an Upright Man
, 8.

CHAPTER 13. FROZEN VIBRATIONS

Page

103
The whole thing started
: “Peter J. W. Debye: An Interview,”
Science
, vol. 145, p. 554 (1964).

103
one is allowed to infer
: Pais,
Subtle Is the Lord
, 390.

104
difficulty and expense
: Ibid.

106
through the diamond experiment
: Diana Kormos Barkan,
Walther Nernst and the Transition to Modern Physical Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 163.

106
sunk back into the sea
: Einstein to Mileva Maric, April 4 1901,
CPAE
, vol. 1, doc. 96, p. 162.

107
For although one has thought before
: Albert Einstein, “Planck's Theory of Radiation and the Theory of Specific Heat,”
Annalen der Physik
, vol. 22, pp. 180–190 (1907), reprinted in
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 38, p. 218.

107
I believe we must not content ourselves
: Ibid., 218–219.

110
most certainly there could exist
: A. Einstein, “Correction to my Paper, ‘Planck's Theory of Heat Radiation, etc.,' ”
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 42, p. 233.

CHAPTER 14. PLANCK'S NOBEL NIGHTMARE

Page

111
The two constants
: Hermann,
Genesis of Quantum Theory
, 11.

112
sacrifice him
: Patrick Coffey,
Cathedrals of Science
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 3.

113
[Arrhenius] is somewhat corpulent
: Ibid., 17.

113
pronounced hostility toward atomism
: Elisabeth Crawford, “Arrhenius, the Atomic Hypothesis, and the 1908 Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry,”
Isis
, vol. 75, p. 510 (1984).

114
he had seen many transmutations
(quoted in footnote): Pierre Marage and Gregoire Wallenborn, eds.,
The Solvay Councils and the Birth of Modern Physics
, Science Networks, vol. 22 (Basel: Birkauser Verlag, 1999), 118.

115
To conclude, I may point to
: Planck, “On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law,” 82–90.

115
If the theory is at all correct
: Ibid.

116
concern for a physics
: Heilbron,
Dilemmas of an Upright Man
, 54.

116
I could derive some satisfaction
: Hermann,
Genesis of Quantum Theory
, 21.

117
made it extremely plausible
: Ibid., 362.

117
it is very far from being
: Bengt Nagel, “The Discussion concerning the Nobel Prize for Max Planck,” in
Science, Technology and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel: Nobel Symposium 52
, ed. C. G. Bernhard, E. Crawford, and P. Sorbom (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982), 361.

118
[if true] I presume
: Crawford, “Arrhenius, the Atomic Hypothesis, and the 1908 Nobel Prizes,” 519.

118
Einstein simply postulates
: Folsing,
Albert Einstein
, 215.

118
Everything which emanated
: H. A. Lorentz,
Impressions of His Life and Work
, ed. G. L. de Haas-Lorentz (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1957), 8.

119
Whatever was accepted by Lorentz
: Hermann,
Genesis of Quantum Theory
, 45.

119
wrestled continuously
: Lorentz to Wien, 6 June 1908, ibid., 34.

119
The theory of Planck is the only one
: Ibid., 37.

120
If we examine the Jeans-Lorentz formula
: Ibid., 40.

120
I was extremely disappointed
: Wien to Sommerfeld, 18 May 1908, ibid., 39–40.

120
thus we should really dismiss
: Lorentz to Wien, 6 June 1908, ibid., 41.

121
a completely new hypothesis
: Nagel, “The Discussion concerning the Nobel Prize for Max Planck, 363.

121
It is I, along with Phragmen
: Ibid.

CHAPTER 15. JOINING THE UNION

Page

122
So, now I too am an official
: Einstein to Jakob Laub, 19 May 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 161, p. 120.

122
I must tell you quite frankly
: Laub to Einstein, 1 May 1908,
CPAE
vol. 5, doc. 91, p. 63.

123
a few old fogies
: Einstein to Besso, 6 March 1952, ibid.

123
pigsty
: Einstein to Besso, 7 March 1903, in Folsing,
Albert Einstein
, 228.

123
I can't understand a word
: Seelig,
Albert Einstein
, 88.

124
[Einstein] will most likely
: F. Adler to V. Adler, 19 June 1908, in Folsing,
Albert Einstein
, 247.

124
I was really lucky
: Einstein to Laub,
CPAE
, 19 May, vol. 5, doc. 161, p. 120. I have used the Folsing translation.

125
impression of a colonel
: “Sommerfeld, Arnold (Johannes Wilhelm),”
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
(2008),
Encyclopedia.com
,
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904080.html
, accessed February 4, 2013.

126
we are now all longing
: Arnold Sommerfeld to Hendrik Lorentz, 26 December 1907, Folsing,
Albert Einstein
, 203.

126
Your letter made me uncommonly happy
: Einstein to Sommerfeld, 14 January 1908,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 72, p. 5.

126
I believe that we are still
: Einstein to Sommerfeld,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 72, p. 5.

127
There can be no doubt
: Albert Einstein, “On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem” [original article no. 10 in References], reprinted in
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 56, pp. 360–361.

127
Though every physicist
: Ibid., 363.

127
In my opinion, the last
: Ibid., 369.

127
the fundamental [Maxwell] equation
: Ibid., 374.

128
I am ceaselessly concerned
: Einstein to Laub, 17 May 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 160, p. 119.

CHAPTER 16. CREATIVE FUSION

Page

129
I am very sorry
: Einstein to George Meyer, 7 June 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 166, p. 167.

129
Your postcard made me
: Einstein to Anna Meyer-Schmid, 12 May 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 154, p. 115.

130
With that kind of fame
: Isaacson,
Einstein
, 154.

130
That's not true, Herr Einstein
: Seelig,
Albert Einstein
, 92.

130
my lectures keep me very busy
: Einstein to Besso, 17 November 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 187, p. 140.

131
I am sending you a short paper
: Einstein to Lorentz, 30 March 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 146, p. 105.

131
a real event
: Einstein to Lorentz, 13 April 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 149, p. 106.

132
their existence [free electrons] in metals
: Lorentz to Einstein, 6 May 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 153, p. 108.

132
If one regards h
: Ibid., 110.

132
The individuality of each
: Ibid., 112.

132
as soon as one makes
: Ibid., 113.

132
permit me to say
: Ibid., 114.

133
I am presently carrying on
: Einstein to Laub, 19 May 1909, ibid., 119.

134
My work on light quanta
: Ibid.

134
delighted … the difficulty of generalizing
: Einstein to Lorentz, 23 May 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 5, doc. 163, p. 122.

134
I consider it a great blessing
: Ibid.

135
energy elements … play a certain
: Planck to Lorentz, 10 July 1909, in Hermann,
Genesis of Quantum Theory
, 41.

135
stubbornly opposes
: Einstein to Johannes Stark, 31 July 1909,
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 172, p. 129.

135
The quarrel between Stark and Sommerfeld
(quoted in footnote): Einstein to Laub, 16 March 1910,
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 199, p. 148.

136
one of the turning points
: Folsing,
Einstein
, 257.

136
Once it has been recognized
…
However, today we must
: Einstein, “On the Development of Our Views,” 379.

137
It is therefore my opinion that the next stage
: Ibid.

137
Regarding our conception of the structure of light
: Ibid., 386.

138
to accept Planck's theory
: Ibid., 390.

138
Isn't it conceivable
: Ibid.

139
The forces of pressure exerted
: Ibid., 391.

140
it has not yet been possible
: Ibid., 394.

140
listening with greatest interest
: “Discussion Following the Lecture: On the Development of Our Views concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation” [original article no. 12 in References], reprinted in
CPAE
, vol. 2, doc. 61, pp. 395–396.

140
It had no [great effect]
: Hermann,
Genesis of Quantum Theory,
68.

CHAPTER 17. THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING NERNST

Page

141
I visited Prof. Einstein in Zurich
: W. Nernst to A. Schuster, 10 March 1910, in Barkan,
Walther Nernst
, 183.

141
Einstein's achievement received its seal
: Folsing,
Albert Einstein
, 257.

142
the best that any laboratory practitioner
: Coffey,
Cathedrals of Science
, 18.

142
fishlike mouth
; …
in the main, popular
…; and the Perrin anecdote: Robert A. Millikan, “A Great Physicist Passes,”
Scientific Monthly
, vol. 54, pp. 84–86 (1942).

142
his truly amazing scientific instinct
: Albert Einstein, “The Work and Personality of Walther Nernst,”
Scientific Monthly
, vol. 54, pp. 195–196 (1942).

144
How much did you get
: Coffey,
Cathedrals of Science
, 29–30.

144
versatile, many-faceted
: Barkan,
Walther Nernst
, 148.

144
Kommerzienrat
: Phillip Frank,
Einstein: His Life and Times
, trans. George Rosen, ed. Schuichi Kusaka (New York: Da Capo Press, 1947), 107.

146
rather shabby attire
: Seelig,
Albert Einstein
, 100.

146
I am most interested in the associate professor
: George Bredig to Arrhenius, in Barkan,
Walther Nernst
, 183–4.

146
made Einstein famous
: Kuhn,
Black-Body Theory
, 215.

147
I visited Prof. Einstein … “a beautiful memory”
: Nernst to A. Schuster, 10 March 1910, in Barkan,
Walther Nernst
, 183.

147
The specific heat decreases
(quoted in footnote): 17 February 1910, ibid., 167.

148
I have made inquiries
: W. Nernst postcard, recipient unknown, 31 July 1910, ibid.