Einstein and the Quantum (55 page)

Planck's constant,
79
,
111
,
116
–
117
,
154
–
155
,
174
,
200
,
247
; electron orbital frequencies and,
176
; rest frequency and,
248

Planck's law,
5
,
8
,
51
,
74
,
134
,
196
,
292
; Born's derivation of,
219
–
224
; Bose on,
219
–
224
,
228
; de Broglie and,
246
–
247
; Einstein's thoughts on,
26
–
27
,
90
–
91
; fluctuating force and,
191
; “fusion” theory of light and,
137
–
138
; Planck's presentation of,
10
–
11
,
12
–
13
; quantum theory and,
187
–
189
; Lord Rayleigh on,
94
–
99
; Rayleigh-Jeans law and,
100
–
102
; Second Law of thermodynamics and,
9
–
11
; visible EM radiation and,
11
–
12

“Planck's Law and the Quantum Hypothesis,”
219

Planck's radiation law,
11
–
12
,
113
–
119

“Planck's Theory of Radiation and the Theory of Specific Heat,”
106

Planck-Wien Law.
See
Laws of thermal radiation

Poincaré, Henri,
84
,
149

Potential energy,
68
–
69
,
265
–
266

Pressure, gas,
38
,
139

Principle of least action,
88
,
200

Probability density,
276
,
282

Protons,
81
,
115
–
116

Prussian Academy of Sciences,
166
,
181
,
213
,
229
,
235
,
262

Quanta of Light.
See
Light quanta
;
Photons

Quantization of energy,
97
–
98
,
106
–
110
,
131
–
132
,
281
; Bohr-Sommerfeld rule,
170
–
174
; Einstein and,
107
,
200
–
202
; Heisenberg and,
270
–
271
; Planck and,
60
–
61
; Schrödinger and,
263
–
265

Quantum chaos theory,
202
–
203

Quantum freezing,
144
–
145

Quantum ideal gas,
229
,
231
–
232
,
235
–
238

Quantum mechanics,
268
,
281
; de Broglie and,
253
; determinism in,
277
; Einstein's dislike of,
1
–
2
,
277
; Nernst's heat theorem and,
228
–
229
; significance of,
2

“Quantum Mechanics of Collision Phenomena,”
276

Quantum theory,
3
,
125
–
128
,
162
–
163
,
193
,
212
–
213
,
280
–
281
; blackbody law and,
184
–
185
; Bose-Einstein condensation and,
233
–
238
; directed process in,
189
–
192
; Einstein's commitment to,
160
–
161
,
183
–
184
; Einstein's struggles with,
153
–
156
; ghost fields and,
198
–
199
; ideal gas and,
226
; Lorentz on,
171
–
172
,
173
; Maxwell's equations and,
154
–
156
; Nernst and,
147
–
148
,
152
–
153
,
228
–
229
; Planck's law and,
187
–
189
; thermal equilibrium and,
185
–
186
.
See also
Atomic theory
;
Quantum mechanics

“Quantum Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas,”
229
–
230

Radiation.
See
Electromagnetic (EM) radiation

Radioactive decay,
182
–
183

Radioactivity,
46

Rathenau, Walter,
211
–
212

Rayleigh, Lord,
93
,
94
,
104
,
108
,
165
,
172
,
292
; Wien law and,
93
,
94

Rayleigh-Jeans law,
100
–
102
,
119
–
120
,
125
,
220
,
288
,
291
–
294

Reiche, Fritz,
136

“Remarks on the Statistical Definition of Entropy for the Ideal Gas,”
261

Rest frequency,
248

Revue Philosophique
,
66

Ritz, Walter,
127

Rome Congress of Mathematicians,
124

Routh, E. J.,
94

Rubens, Heinrich,
5
,
8
,
11
–
12
,
58
,
98
–
99
,
136
,
143
,
148
,
164
; on Einstein's work,
208
; Solvay and,
149

Rutherford, Ernest,
114
,
149
,
170
–
173

Rydberg, Johannes,
177

Saha, Meghnad,
218

Schrödinger, Erwin,
155
,
238
–
240
,
253
,
254
,
284
; academic appointments of,
254
–
255
; Bose statistics and,
238
–
240
,
260
–
61
; Born and,
274
,
277
; on directed matter waves,
276
–
277
; formal education of,
257
–
259
; Heisenberg and,
272
–
274
; on ideal gases,
261
–
263
; nomination for Nobel prize,
280
; relationships with women,
256
; research style,
259
–
260
; wave equation,
254
,
256
,
263
–
267
; on wavefunction,
275
–
276

Second Law of thermodynamics,
9
–
11
,
41
,
48
–
49
,
54
–
56
; blackbody radiation and,
56
–
60
; Maxwell and,
55

Sliding mirror thought experiment,
138
–
139
,
189

Solids,
103
–
108
,
145
; atomic vibration and,
108
–
110
; Bose-Einstein condensation and,
237
–
238

Solovine, Maurice,
63
–
66
,
64
,
86

Solvay, Ernest,
149
–
150
,
156
–
158

Solvay Congress of 1911,
149
–
152
,
156
–
158
,
169
–
172
,
242
,
244

Sommerfeld, Arnold,
125
–
126
,
136
,
153
–
154
,
163
,
174
,
199
,
207
,
229
,
251
,
255
,
259
; fine structures and,
183
; on electron orbital frequency,
183
–
184
; on orbital energy,
200
–
201
; Schrödinger and,
263
,
274
; Solvay and,
158
–
159

Specific heat,
97
,
103
–
110
,
141
,
146
–
147

Stark, Johannes,
135
–
136
,
140
,
174

Statistical mechanics,
40
–
42
,
48
,
90
,
259
; Boltzmann's principle and,
56
–
58
; Einstein's papers on,
67
–
69
; free energy and,
49
; Maxwell on,
40

Stefan-Boltzmann law,
72
–
73
,
101

Stern, Otto,
3
,
183

Stimulated emission,
186
–
187
,
224
–
225

Stodola, Aurel,
166

Stokes, George Gabriel,
76
–
77
,
95

Stokes rule,
76
–
77

Strutt, John William.
See
Rayleigh, Lord

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH),
163
,
166
,
167

Tanner, Hans,
146

Temperature,
38
,
96
; ideal gas law and,
235
–
236
; quantum freezing and,
144
–
145

Thalen, Tobias,
112

Theoretical physics,
5
–
6
,
13
–
14
,
61
,
278
; de Broglie and,
244
–
245
; Einstein's early work in,
26
–
27
; Schrödinger and,
266
–
267

Theory of relativity,
3
–
4
; attacks on,
206
–
207
; Einstein's early thoughts on,
126
–
128
,
161
; Einstein's fame from,
205
–
207
; as “elementary” theory,
126
–
128
; internal contradictions,
280
; Nobel committee and,
212
–
213
; Planck on,
151
; time dilation and,
248
.
See also
General theory of relativity

Theory of Sound, The
,
94

Thermal energy,
67
–
68

Thermal equilibrium,
7
,
100
–
102
,
140
,
185
–
186
,
189
,
224
,
250
,
291

“Thermal Equilibrium of the Radiation Field in the Presence of Matter,”
224

Thermal radiation,
291
,
293
–
294
.
See also
Blackbody radiation
;
Laws of thermal radiation

Thermodynamics, laws of,
9
–
11
,
41
; black-body radiation and,
56
–
60
; Boltzmann's constant and,
54
–
55
; Einstein's light-quanta hypothesis and,
74
–
75
,
281
; Einstein's papers on,
48
–
49
; Maxwell's demons and,
55
–
56
; Nernst and,
144
–
145
,
238
; ultraviolet catastrophe and,
72
,
98
–
102

Third Law of thermodynamics,
144
–
145
,
238
,
281

Thirring, Hans,
257

Thomson, J. J.,
45
,
95
,
115
,
118
,
162
,
170
–
172
,
205

Thomson, William.
See
Kelvin, Lord

Time dilation,
248

Transition frequencies,
270
–
271

Trinity College,
94

Uhland, Ludwig,
4

Ultraviolet catastrophe,
72
–
73
,
90
–
93
,
97
–
102
,
172
,
288

University of Bern,
123

University of Zurich,
46
,
122
,
124
,
130
,
150

Valiant Swabian, the,
4
,
44

Van ‘t Hoff, Jacobus Henricus,
113

Velocity,
161

Vibration, atomic,
104
,
106
–
110
,
178
; de Broglie on,
248
–
250

Victoria, Queen,
32

Volume, gas,
38

Von Laue, Max,
136
,
208
,
211

Warburg, Emil,
164

Waves: de Broglie and,
247
–
250
,
252
; direct matter,
276
–
277
; as disturbances,
83
,
265
; matter,
265
,
274
–
275
; probability density,
276
; in q-space,
275
–
276
; Schrödinger and,
254
,
256
,
262
–
263
; wave theory of light,
70
,
81
–
85
,
83
,
137
,
138
–
139