Escape from North Korea (45 page)

18
Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowly
, ed. Elizabeth Ammons, 2nd ed. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010), 72.

19
Katherine Kane, executive director, Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, in a presentation at the center, September 2010.

20
Still,
The Underground Railroad Record
, 44.

21
Weekly Report
, 318 Partners Mission Foundation, November 9, 2009.

1
Mary C. Pearl, “Natural Selections: Roaming Free in the DMZ,”
Discover Magazine
, November 2006,
http://discovermagazine.com/2006/nov/natural-selections-dmz-animals
.

2
Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland, eds.,
The North Korean Refugee Crisis: Human Rights and International Response
(Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2006) 20,
http://www.hrnk.org/publications-2
.

3
2010 Human Rights Report
, U.S. Department of State, April 8, 2011,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154388.htm
.

4
Interview with Joseph Gwang-jin Kim, October 2009. Adrian Hong, who led Joseph to the U.S. Consulate in Shenyang, and Sharon Rose, Joseph's foster mother, also provided information for this section.

5
Progress for Children: A Report Card on Nutrition, No. 4
, UNICEF, May 2006, 20,
http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2006n4/
.

6
Kongdan Oh, Testimony in the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, June 5, 2003.

7
Koo Bum-hoe, “Small-Scale Riots Break Out in North Korea Due to Famine,” Yonhap News Agency, November 14, 1991; “Life
in North Korea Told by Yanbian Koreans (Parts 1 and 2),” Yonhap, November 15, 1991.

8
Yoonok Chang, Stephan Haggard, and Marcus Noland, “Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees: Survey Evidence from China” (working paper, Peterson Institute for International Economics, March 2008) 10,
http://www.iie.com/publications/interstitial.cfm?ResearchID=899
.

9
Ibid., 5.

10
Andrei Lankov, “Lives of N. Korean Defectors,”
Korea Times
, August 15, 2010.

11
Melanie Kirkpatrick, “Let Them Go,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 14, 2006.

12
For a discussion on the number of North Korean refugees in China, see Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland,
Witness to Transformation: Refugee Insights into North Korea
(Washington, D.C: Peterson Institute for International Economics: 2011), 2.

13
2009 Human Rights Report,
U.S. Department of State, March 11, 2011,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135995.htm
.

14
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13,
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
.

15
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 12,
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm
.

16
Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,
http://asiamatters.blogspot.com/2009/10/north-korean-constitution-april-2009.html
.

17
For more details on North Korea's regulation of travel, see the “2009 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” Korea Institute for National Unification, 2009, 212–29.

18
Interview with Jiro Ishimaru, chief editor and publisher of Asia Press International, October 2010.

19
North Korea Today: No. 114
, Research Institute for North Korean Society, Good Friends: Center for Peace, Human Rights and
Refugees, March 2008,
http://goodfriendsusa.blogspot.com/2008/03/north-korea-today-no-114.html
.

20
The birthday of Kim Jong Il's son and heir, Kim Jong Eun, is believed to be January 8. (The year of his birth is unknown, though it is widely assumed to be in the mid-1980s.) In 2012, the day was not declared an official holiday and there were no celebrations. It had been less than a month since the death of Kim Jong Il, and the country was still in mourning. A documentary about Kim Jong Eun was aired on the state-run television network that day. In it, the country's new leader was praised as “the genius among geniuses.”

1
Interview with Hwang Gi-suk, February 2010.

2
Interview with Eom Myong-hui, December 2009.

3
Bradley K. Martin,
Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader
(New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004), 12.

4
Thank You, Father Kim Il Sung: Eyewitness Account of Severe Violations of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in North Korea
(Washington, D.C.: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2005), 12–15.
http://www.uscirf.gov/images/stories/pdf/nkwitnesses.pdf
.

5
Ibid., 50–51

6
Interviews with Tim Peters, Helping Hands Korea, between 2003 and 2011.

7
Bill Powell, “Long Walk to Freedom,”
Time Asia
, May 1, 2006.

8
Tim Peters, Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, April 29, 2004.

9
South Korean Ministry of Unification,
http://www.unikorea.go.kr/CmsWeb/viewPage.req?idx=PG0000000365
.

10
Mike Kim,
Escaping North Korea: Defiance and Hope in the World's Most Repressive Country
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 187.

1
Interview with Youn Mi-rang, director general of Hanawon, the Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees, February 2010.

2
Interview with Evans Revere, president of the Korea Society, November 2009.

3
“The Man Who Bought Gadgets for Kim Jong-Il,” BBC News, December 3, 2010; Sim Sim Wissgott, “NKorea Defector Tells of Business Deals in West,” Agence France Presse, September 3, 2010.

4
Some of the details of the Changs' defections are related by press secretary James Rubin in the U.S. Department of State “Daily Press Briefing #122,” August 26, 1997.

5
Interview with Momchil Metodiev, editor of the Bulgarian journal
Christianity and Culture
. Metodiev also provided a copy of his unpublished paper on the subject of the North Korean defectors to Bulgaria, May 2010.

6
Kim So-yeol, “Exchange Student Rebels Look Back,”
www.dailynk.com
, June 11, 2010.

7
Interviews with Kim Cheol-woong in 2008, 2010, and 2011.

8
Dave Brubeck, as quoted in “Remembering Katyn,” editorial,
Wall Street Journal
, December 1, 2010.

9
Chae-Jin Lee and Stephanie Hsieh, “China's Two-Korea Policy at Trial: The Hwang Chang Yop Crisis,”
Pacific Affairs
74, no. 3, Autumn 2001, 321–41; Don Oberdorfer,
The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History
, rev. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2001) 399–401. Also, interviews with Hwang Jang-yop, October 2003; Kim Duk-hong, February 2011.

10
Rone Tempest, “China Grapples with Defection Dilemma,”
Los Angeles Times
, Februrary 14, 1997.

11
Ban Ki-moon, who went on to become Secretary-General of the United Nations, was the South Korean government's secret emissary to Manila to persuade the Philippine government to permit Hwang and Kim to stay there for one month.

12
Email correspondence with Jae Ku, director of the U.S.-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, August 2011.

1
Steven Kim's story is based on interviews, October 2009 and December 2009.

2
Article 318 of the Chinese criminal code says in part: “Whoever makes arrangements for another person to illegally cross the national border (frontier) shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined,”
http://www.cecc.gov/pages/newLaws/criminalLawENG.php
.

3
World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision
, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm
.

4
Wei Xing Zhu, Li Lu, Therese Hesketh, “China's Excess Males, Sex Selective Abortion, and One Child Policy: Analysis of Data from 2005 National Intercensus Survey,”
British Medical Journal
, April 9, 2009,
http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b1211.full?sid=b22439fb-4766-4809-bd93-7f4c6d73b1d5
.

5
Ibid.

6
“Gendercide: The Worldwide War on Baby Girls,”
Economist
, March 6, 2010.

7
Lives for Sale: Personal Accounts of Women Fleeing North Korea to China
(Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2009), 9,
http://www.hrnk.org/publications-2
.

8
Zhu, Li, Hesketh, “China's Excess Males.”

9
Steven V. Mosher, “When Gender Gaps: China's One-Child Policy and the Wholesale Elimination of Little Baby Girls,” Weekly Briefing (blog), April 28, 2009, Population Research Institute,
http://pop.org/content/april-28-when-gender-gaps-chinas-one-child-policy-and-the-wholesale-elimination-of-little-baby-girls-957
.

10
Interview with “Naomi” (pseudonym), May 2006.

11
Interview with “Hannah” (pseudonym), May 2006.

12
Interview with Lee Keum-soon, senior researcher at the Korean Institute for National Unification, February 2010.

13
Lee Keum-soon,
The Border-Crossing North Koreans: Current Situations and Future Prospects
, Korean Institute for National Unification, 2006, 32.

14
2009 Trafficking in Persons Report
, U.S. Department of State, 227,
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/123357.pdf
.

15
Lives for Sale
, 31.

16
Ibid., 32.

17
Ibid.

18
Press conference, North Korean Freedom Week, Washington, D.C., April 2009; video interview with Bang Mi-sun,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3ZFRewLCi8
.

19
Interview with Mark Lagon, director of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, U.S. Department of State from 2007 to 2009, March 2010.

20
Weekly Report
, 318 Partners Mission Foundation, January 8, 2010.

1
Interviews with “Mary and Jim” (pseudonyms), February 2010 and April 2010.

2
Denied Status, Denied Education: Children of North Korean Women in China
, Human Rights Watch, April 2008, 2.

3
B.R. Myers,
The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves—and Why It Matters
(Brooklyn: Melville House, 2010).

4
Interview with Mo Jongryn, professor at Yonsei University, January 2010.

5
“2009 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” Korea Institute for National Unification, 435–38.

6
Ibid., 435.

7
Ibid., 437.

8
Ibid., 436.

9
Ibid., 435.

1
The
2011 Global Trafficking in Persons
report by the U.S. Department of State estimates the number of North Korean loggers in Russia to be “tens of thousands,”
www.state.gov/g/tip/tiprpt/2011/164232.htm
. The Associated Press found Russian government figures that put the number of loggers at 32,600 in 2007. Kwang-tae Kim, “3
^rd
North Korean Logger Attempts to Defect in Russia, Propelled by Dream of ‘Freedom of Life,' ” Associated Press, March 19, 2010.

2
Email correspondence with the Rev. Peter Jung, Justice for North Korea, August 2010.

3
The South Korean newspaper,
Chosun Ilbo
, reported in 2011 that there were three thousand North Koreans construction workers in Vladivostok, with three thousand more expected to arrive. It also reported that seven of the North Korean construction workers were sent back to North Korea, apparently after being caught watching South Korean movies on DVDs. “Vladivostok Teeming With N. Korean Laborers,”
www.chosun.com
, August 18, 2011.

4
The history of North Korean loggers in Russia as related in this section comes from
Democratic People's Republic of Korea/Russian Federation: Pursuit, Intimidation and Abuse of North Korean Refugees and Workers,
Amnesty International, September 8, 1996.

5
Claudia Rosett, “Logging Time: Harsh Labor Camps in Siberia Still Exist in Democratic Russia—North Korea Operates Them to Harvest the Timber, Shares Profits With Host—Hunger, Cold and Worse,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 11, 1994.

6
Claudia Rosett, “Freedom's Edge: Evil as Usual,”
www.forbes.com
, March 11, 2010.

7
Rosett, “Logging Time.”

8
This section is based on an interview with “Mr. Chang,” a pseudonym for a former logger now living in South Korea, February 2010.

9
Pursuit, Intimidation and Abuse
, Amnesty International, 20.