Escape from North Korea (46 page)
Read Escape from North Korea Online
Authors: Melanie Kirkpatrick
10
This section is based on an interview with the Rev. Phillip Buck, January 2010.
This section is based on an interview with the Rev. Phillip Buck, January 2010.
11
Rosett, “Logging Time.”
Rosett, “Logging Time.”
12
Nicholas D. Kristof, “North Korea Delivers Warning in Sub Incident,”
New York Times
, October 3, 1996; “Behind the Limelight, Forensic Lab Struggling,”
JoongAng Daily
, November 17, 2006.
Nicholas D. Kristof, “North Korea Delivers Warning in Sub Incident,”
New York Times
, October 3, 1996; “Behind the Limelight, Forensic Lab Struggling,”
JoongAng Daily
, November 17, 2006.
17
Email correspondence with the Rev. Peter Jung, Justice for North Korea, August 2010.
Email correspondence with the Rev. Peter Jung, Justice for North Korea, August 2010.
18
Kwang-tae Kim, “3
rd
North Korean Logger Attempts to Defect in Russia, Propelled by Dream of âFreedom of Life,' ” Associated Press, March 19, 2010; email correspondence with the Rev. Peter Jung.
CHAPTER 7:Kwang-tae Kim, “3
rd
North Korean Logger Attempts to Defect in Russia, Propelled by Dream of âFreedom of Life,' ” Associated Press, March 19, 2010; email correspondence with the Rev. Peter Jung.
Old Soldiers
1
The story of the rescue of South Korean POWs is based on interviews with “Mr. Jung” (a pseudonym); the man who served as the intermediary between Mr. Jung's team and the South Korean government; a former high-ranking official in President Kim Young-sam's administration; and a South Korean civilian who traveled frequently to the Sino-Korean border in the 1990s and was familiar with these events.
The story of the rescue of South Korean POWs is based on interviews with “Mr. Jung” (a pseudonym); the man who served as the intermediary between Mr. Jung's team and the South Korean government; a former high-ranking official in President Kim Young-sam's administration; and a South Korean civilian who traveled frequently to the Sino-Korean border in the 1990s and was familiar with these events.
2
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” Korea Institute for National Unification, 2010, 480â85.
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” Korea Institute for National Unification, 2010, 480â85.
3
The Korean War Armistice Agreement, Article III, Arrangement Relating to Prisoners of War, July 27, 1953,
http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html
.
The Korean War Armistice Agreement, Article III, Arrangement Relating to Prisoners of War, July 27, 1953,
http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html
.
4
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” 480.
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” 480.
5
“The Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs to the Soviet Union,” Joint Commission Support Branch, Research and Analysis Division, Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DMPO), U.S. Department of Defense, August 26, 1993,
http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Personnel_and_Personnel_Readiness/POW_MIA/543.pdf
.
“The Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs to the Soviet Union,” Joint Commission Support Branch, Research and Analysis Division, Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DMPO), U.S. Department of Defense, August 26, 1993,
http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Personnel_and_Personnel_Readiness/POW_MIA/543.pdf
.
6
An alternate Romanization of the general's name is “Kang Sang-ho.”
An alternate Romanization of the general's name is “Kang Sang-ho.”
7
The South Korean Defense Ministry says it has not been able to confirm the findings of the U.S. Department of Defense. See “2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” 482â83.
The South Korean Defense Ministry says it has not been able to confirm the findings of the U.S. Department of Defense. See “2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” 482â83.
9
Jon Herskovitz and Christine Kim, “War Still Raging for South Korean POWs in North,” Reuters, April 5, 2010.
Jon Herskovitz and Christine Kim, “War Still Raging for South Korean POWs in North,” Reuters, April 5, 2010.
12
“We Want to Know It,” Seoul Broadcasting System, October 1998
“We Want to Know It,” Seoul Broadcasting System, October 1998
14
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” 481.
CHAPTER 8:“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” 481.
Hunted
1
The story of the Shenyang Six is based on interviews with Adrian Hong, co-founder of Liberty in North Korea; Jay Lefkowitz,
President George W. Bush's special envoy for human rights in North Korea; and background interviews with U.S. government officials.
The story of the Shenyang Six is based on interviews with Adrian Hong, co-founder of Liberty in North Korea; Jay Lefkowitz,
President George W. Bush's special envoy for human rights in North Korea; and background interviews with U.S. government officials.
2
Joseph Gwang-jin Kim, whose escape story is related in Chapters 1 and 2, was one of the three North Korean boys who were living in the U.S. Consulate in Shenyang at that time, waiting for exit permits from Beijing.
Joseph Gwang-jin Kim, whose escape story is related in Chapters 1 and 2, was one of the three North Korean boys who were living in the U.S. Consulate in Shenyang at that time, waiting for exit permits from Beijing.
3
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” Korea Institute for National Unification, 69.
“2010 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea,” Korea Institute for National Unification, 69.
4
David Hawk,
The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps
(Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2003), 58,
http://www.hrnk.org/publications.htm
.
David Hawk,
The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps
(Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2003), 58,
http://www.hrnk.org/publications.htm
.
5
Ibid., 59.
Ibid., 59.
6
Interview with Seo Won-kyong, December 2009.
Interview with Seo Won-kyong, December 2009.
7
Mr. Seo's story has a tragic ending. In June 2011, he murdered his wife, stabbing her to death in their apartment in Rochester, N.Y. He then hanged himself. His motives for the murder-suicide were unknown.
Mr. Seo's story has a tragic ending. In June 2011, he murdered his wife, stabbing her to death in their apartment in Rochester, N.Y. He then hanged himself. His motives for the murder-suicide were unknown.
8
Peter Martin and David Cohen, “Through Chinese Eyes: Zhu Feng,”
The Interpreter
, Lowy Institute for International Policy, October 18, 2011.
Peter Martin and David Cohen, “Through Chinese Eyes: Zhu Feng,”
The Interpreter
, Lowy Institute for International Policy, October 18, 2011.
9
Sophie Delaunay, regional coordinator for North Korea for Doctors Without Borders, testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on East Asia and the Pacific, May 2, 2002.
Sophie Delaunay, regional coordinator for North Korea for Doctors Without Borders, testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on East Asia and the Pacific, May 2, 2002.
10
“Urgent Appeal for Protection of North Korean Refugees in China,” press release, Doctors Without Borders, January 19, 2003.
“Urgent Appeal for Protection of North Korean Refugees in China,” press release, Doctors Without Borders, January 19, 2003.
11
Interview with Justin Wheeler, vice president of global awareness, Liberty in North Korea, February 2011.
Interview with Justin Wheeler, vice president of global awareness, Liberty in North Korea, February 2011.
12
“China: Protect North Korean Refugees,” press release, Human Rights Watch, March 9, 2004.
“China: Protect North Korean Refugees,” press release, Human Rights Watch, March 9, 2004.
14
This section is based on an interview with Roberta Cohen, nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, October 2010.
This section is based on an interview with Roberta Cohen, nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, October 2010.
15
“Legal Grounds for Protection of North Korean Refugees,” Roberta Cohen, Brookings Institution, October 4, 2010.
“Legal Grounds for Protection of North Korean Refugees,” Roberta Cohen, Brookings Institution, October 4, 2010.
16
South Korea raised the issue of China's forced repatriation of North Korean refugees on February 27, 2012, at the U.N. Human Rights Council's meeting in Geneva. Rather than mentioning China by name, it referred instead to “all countries directly concerned.”
South Korea raised the issue of China's forced repatriation of North Korean refugees on February 27, 2012, at the U.N. Human Rights Council's meeting in Geneva. Rather than mentioning China by name, it referred instead to “all countries directly concerned.”
18
Taken! North Korea's Criminal Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries,
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2011.
Taken! North Korea's Criminal Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries,
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2011.
19
Megumi's story is best told by her parents, Shigeru and Sakie Yokota, in a Japanese
manga
, or graphic book:
Megumi
, illustrated by Soichi Moto, published by the Headquarters for the Abduction Issue, Government of Japan, 2008.
Megumi's story is best told by her parents, Shigeru and Sakie Yokota, in a Japanese
manga
, or graphic book:
Megumi
, illustrated by Soichi Moto, published by the Headquarters for the Abduction Issue, Government of Japan, 2008.
20
Details of Kim Dong-shik's disappearance are in a civil lawsuit brought by his brother and son against North Korea in 2009 in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia,
Kim et al. v. Democratic People's Republic of Korea et al.
See especially a First Amended Complaint, November 23, 2009. Civ. No. 09-648 (RWR).
Details of Kim Dong-shik's disappearance are in a civil lawsuit brought by his brother and son against North Korea in 2009 in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia,
Kim et al. v. Democratic People's Republic of Korea et al.
See especially a First Amended Complaint, November 23, 2009. Civ. No. 09-648 (RWR).
22
Statement by Adrian Hong, hearing, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment, March 1, 2007,
http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/33621.pdf
.
CHAPTER 9:Statement by Adrian Hong, hearing, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment, March 1, 2007,
http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/33621.pdf
.
Jesus on the Border
1
Interview with the Rev. Eom Myong-hui, December 2009.
Interview with the Rev. Eom Myong-hui, December 2009.
2
Rodney Stark, Byron Johnson, and Carson Mencken, “Counting China's Christians,” First Things, May 2011.
Rodney Stark, Byron Johnson, and Carson Mencken, “Counting China's Christians,” First Things, May 2011.
3
Zhu Weiqun, a member of the central committee of the Chinese Communist Party, in comments published in a party journal,
Qiushi
, and reported by the official Xinhua News Agency. “China Party Official Warns Members Over Religion,” Associated Press, December 19, 2011.
Zhu Weiqun, a member of the central committee of the Chinese Communist Party, in comments published in a party journal,
Qiushi
, and reported by the official Xinhua News Agency. “China Party Official Warns Members Over Religion,” Associated Press, December 19, 2011.
4
Years later, Pastor Eom's daughters followed her to China and then South Korea and the United States on the new underground railroad. Her husband stayed behind.
Years later, Pastor Eom's daughters followed her to China and then South Korea and the United States on the new underground railroad. Her husband stayed behind.
5
Interviews with Kang Su-jin, February 2010 and February 2011.
Interviews with Kang Su-jin, February 2010 and February 2011.
6
International Religious Freedom Report 2010
, U.S. Department of State, November 17, 2010,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148874.htm
.
International Religious Freedom Report 2010
, U.S. Department of State, November 17, 2010,
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148874.htm
.
7
Ibid.
Ibid.
8
Interview with Scott Flipse, deputy director of policy and research, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, October 2010.
Interview with Scott Flipse, deputy director of policy and research, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, October 2010.
9
“North Korean Defector Killed for Going Back With 20 Bibles to Spread the Gospel,” Associated Press, July 4, 2010.
“North Korean Defector Killed for Going Back With 20 Bibles to Spread the Gospel,” Associated Press, July 4, 2010.
10
Son Gyeong-ju's testimony at the Lausanne Congress is available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KEFbo2tJ_8
.
Son Gyeong-ju's testimony at the Lausanne Congress is available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KEFbo2tJ_8
.
11
Interview with Carl Moeller, president/CEO, Open Doors USA, April 2011.
Interview with Carl Moeller, president/CEO, Open Doors USA, April 2011.
13
Matthew 10:23.
CHAPTER 10:Matthew 10:23.
The Journey out of China
1
The story of the Rev. Phillip Buck (né John Yoon) is based on interviews with Pastor Buck in December 2006, October 2007, and January 2010. Grace Yoon Yi provided biographical information about her father. I also drew from interviews with Hwang Gi-suk, Kang Su-jin, and Choi JungâNorth Koreans whom Pastor Buck sheltered in China and then led out of the country.
The story of the Rev. Phillip Buck (né John Yoon) is based on interviews with Pastor Buck in December 2006, October 2007, and January 2010. Grace Yoon Yi provided biographical information about her father. I also drew from interviews with Hwang Gi-suk, Kang Su-jin, and Choi JungâNorth Koreans whom Pastor Buck sheltered in China and then led out of the country.
2
Fiona Terry, “The Deadly Secrets of North Korea,” Doctors Without Borders, August 2, 2001.
CHAPTER 11:Fiona Terry, “The Deadly Secrets of North Korea,” Doctors Without Borders, August 2, 2001.
Let My People Go
1
Exodus 9:1.
Exodus 9:1.
2
Interview with Pastor Lee Heemoon, December 2009.
Interview with Pastor Lee Heemoon, December 2009.
3
Interview with the Jo family, December 2009.
Interview with the Jo family, December 2009.
4
Jo Jin-hye, as quoted in Sohee Khim, “N. Korean Defector Talks for KASA,”
The Daily Princetonian,
March 28, 2011.
Jo Jin-hye, as quoted in Sohee Khim, “N. Korean Defector Talks for KASA,”
The Daily Princetonian,
March 28, 2011.
5
Interview with the Seo family, December 2009.
Interview with the Seo family, December 2009.
6
Sharon Suh,
Being Buddhist in a Christian World: Gender and Community in a Korean American Temple
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004), 3.
Sharon Suh,
Being Buddhist in a Christian World: Gender and Community in a Korean American Temple
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004), 3.
7
Interview with Donald Sung, June 2010.
Interview with Donald Sung, June 2010.
8
Interviews with Michelle Park Steel and Shawn Steel, May 2011.
Interviews with Michelle Park Steel and Shawn Steel, May 2011.
9
“House Passes Bill Requiring U.S. to Plan for Family Reunification for Korean Divided Families,” news release, U.S. Representative Mark Kirk, Dec. 12, 2007.
“House Passes Bill Requiring U.S. to Plan for Family Reunification for Korean Divided Families,” news release, U.S. Representative Mark Kirk, Dec. 12, 2007.
10
Helie Lee,
In the Absence of Sun: A Korean American Woman's Promise to Reunite Three Lost Generations of Her Family
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 2002), 237.
Helie Lee,
In the Absence of Sun: A Korean American Woman's Promise to Reunite Three Lost Generations of Her Family
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 2002), 237.
12
Interview with Sam Kim, Korean Church Coalition, July 2010.
Interview with Sam Kim, Korean Church Coalition, July 2010.
13
Interviews with Michael Horowitz, Hudson Institute, June, July and December 2010.
Interviews with Michael Horowitz, Hudson Institute, June, July and December 2010.
14
Interview with Representative Ed Royce, May 2011.
Interview with Representative Ed Royce, May 2011.
15
Interviews with Suzanne Scholte, Defense Forum Foundation, February 2010 and January 2011.
Interviews with Suzanne Scholte, Defense Forum Foundation, February 2010 and January 2011.
16
Gal Beckerman,
When They Come for Us, We'll be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry
, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010) 46â49, 55â56.
CHAPTER 12:Gal Beckerman,
When They Come for Us, We'll be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry
, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010) 46â49, 55â56.
Be the Voice
1
Interviews with Angel Chung Cutno, volunteer for Liberty in North Korea, October 2010 and November 2010.
Interviews with Angel Chung Cutno, volunteer for Liberty in North Korea, October 2010 and November 2010.
2
Interview with Kevin Park, student activist, January 2010.
Interview with Kevin Park, student activist, January 2010.
3
Interview with Kim Ju-song (pseudonym), former North Korean military officer, November 2009.
Interview with Kim Ju-song (pseudonym), former North Korean military officer, November 2009.
4
See Chapter 8, “Hunted,” for the story of LiNK's co-founder, Adrian Hong. Hong and two other LiNK workers were jailed in China for providing assistance to six North Koreans.
See Chapter 8, “Hunted,” for the story of LiNK's co-founder, Adrian Hong. Hong and two other LiNK workers were jailed in China for providing assistance to six North Koreans.
5
Interviews with Lindsay Capehart and Stefan Hutzfeld, LiNK volunteers, October 2010.
CHAPTER 13:Interviews with Lindsay Capehart and Stefan Hutzfeld, LiNK volunteers, October 2010.
Almost Safe
1
Interview with the defector, who wishes to remain unnamed, January 2011.
Interview with the defector, who wishes to remain unnamed, January 2011.
2
This section is based on email correspondence with Norbert Vollertsen in March 2011; interviews with Vollertsen and Tim Peters in the mid- to late 2000s; an interview with Kim Sang-hun in February 2010; and news reports from the time about the rushes on the embassies.
This section is based on email correspondence with Norbert Vollertsen in March 2011; interviews with Vollertsen and Tim Peters in the mid- to late 2000s; an interview with Kim Sang-hun in February 2010; and news reports from the time about the rushes on the embassies.
4
Migeddorg Batchimeg, “Mongolia's DPRK Policy: Engaging North Korea,”
Asian Survey
, MarchâApril 2006, 27597.
Migeddorg Batchimeg, “Mongolia's DPRK Policy: Engaging North Korea,”
Asian Survey
, MarchâApril 2006, 27597.
5
Ravdan Bold, Mongolia's ambassador to the United States, as quoted in
“
Mongolia Bars North Koreans,”
Far Eastern Economic Review
, August 14, 2003, 8.
Ravdan Bold, Mongolia's ambassador to the United States, as quoted in
“
Mongolia Bars North Koreans,”
Far Eastern Economic Review
, August 14, 2003, 8.
6
Interview with the Rev. Eom Myong-hui, December 2009.
Interview with the Rev. Eom Myong-hui, December 2009.
7
Interview with Tim Peters, February 2011.
Interview with Tim Peters, February 2011.
8
Norimitsu Onishi, “North Korea Denounces Seoul for Welcoming Defectors,”
New York Times
, July 30, 2004.
Norimitsu Onishi, “North Korea Denounces Seoul for Welcoming Defectors,”
New York Times
, July 30, 2004.
9
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BANGKOK3145.html
and also on a mirror site at
http://cablesearch.org/cable/view.php?id=09BANGKOK3145
&
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BANGKOK3145.html
and also on a mirror site at
http://cablesearch.org/cable/view.php?id=09BANGKOK3145
&
10
Interview with Phil Robertson and Sunai Phasuk, both of Human Rights Watch, February 2011.
Interview with Phil Robertson and Sunai Phasuk, both of Human Rights Watch, February 2011.
11
Immigration Bureau of the National Police Office of Thailand, as quoted in “Illegal North Korean Migrants on the Rise,”
Bangkok Post
, May 6, 2011.
Immigration Bureau of the National Police Office of Thailand, as quoted in “Illegal North Korean Migrants on the Rise,”
Bangkok Post
, May 6, 2011.
12
This section is based on interviews in February 2011 with Hannah Song, President/CEO of Liberty in North Korea; Sarah Yun, protection officer of LiNK's shelter in Southeast Asia; and Angeline Chong, LiNK's field director.
This section is based on interviews in February 2011 with Hannah Song, President/CEO of Liberty in North Korea; Sarah Yun, protection officer of LiNK's shelter in Southeast Asia; and Angeline Chong, LiNK's field director.
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