Europe: A History (268 page)
Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Naples, Sweden
Principal battles
Ulm (20 October 1805);
Trafalgar (21 October 1805);
Austertitz (2 December 1805)
Treaties
Schönbrunn (12 December 1805);
Pressburg (26 December 1805)
| 1806 | September November 21 November | Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples; Confederation of the Rhine; Holy Roman Empire abolished War of the Coalition proclamation of the Continental System Berlin Decree: Continental System proclaimed |
| 1807 | July | Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia; Grand Duchy of Warsaw created Treaty of Tilsit: Franco-Russian Accord; Occupation of Portugal |
| 1808 | May 27 September to 14 October | Bayonne Talks: Re-organisation of Spain Congress of Erfurt |
| 1808/9 | | campaign in Spain |
| 1809 | April 14 October | Illyrian Provinces created Annexation of Rome and Papal States beginning of 5th War of the Coalition Peace of Schönbrunn |
| 1810 | | Annexation of Holland and North Germany Bernadotte, Prince Royal of Sweden |
| 1812 | 24 June to December | Russian Campaign: Napoleon’s ‘Polish War’; collapse of the Grand Army in Russia |
| 1813 | | German Campaign: ‘War of Liberation’ begins |
| 1814 | 31 March 6 April 24 April 30 May 4 June September | capitulation of Paris Napoleon’s first abdication: exile to Elba Restoration of Louis XVIII Treaty of Paris I: frontiers of 1792 re-instated Royal Charter restores constitutional monarchy Congress of Vienna convened |
| 1815 | 6/7 March May to June 9 June 22 June 20 November | Napoleon lands at Cannes; The ‘100 Days’ begin campaign in Belgium Napoleon’s second Abdication: exile to St. Helena Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Treaty of Paris II: foreign occupation, reparations |
1806–1807
War of the Fourth Coalition
Membership
Britain, Prussia, Russia, Saxony
Principal battles
Jena and Auerstedt (14 October 1806);
Prussian Eylau (8 February 1807);
Friedland (14 June 1807)
Treaties
Posen (December 1806);
Tilsit (7–9 July 1807)
1808–15
Peninsular War
1809
War of the Fifth Coalition
Membership
Britain, Austria
Principal battles
Aspern (22 May 1809); Wagram (5 July 1809)
Treaties
Schönbrunn (14 October 1809)
1812
Russian War Principal battles
Smolensk (18 August 1812); Borodino (7 September 1812); crossing of the Berezina (26–28 November 1812)
1813–1815
War of the Sixth Coalition
Membership
Russia, Prussia (from March 1813), Britain (from June 1813), Austria (from August 1813), Sweden, Spain, Portugal
Principal battles
Leipzig (16–19 October 1813);
Tolentino (3 May 1815); Ligny
(15 June 1815); Waterloo (18 June 1815)
Treaties
Paris I (30 May 1814); Vienna (9 June 1815);
Paris II (20 November 1815)
The French Revolutionary Calendar, Years I–VIII (1792–1800)
Sources: H. Morse Stephens,
Revolutionary Europe 1789–1815
(London, 1936), pp. 374–5, J. J. Bond,
A Handy-book of Rules and Tables
, (London, 1869), pp. 102–12.
| | Event | Revolutionary Calendar | Gregorian Calendar |
| a | Proclamation of the Republic | 1 Vendémiaire I | 22 September 1792 |
| b | Execution of Louis XVI | 2 Pluvôse I | 21 January 1793 |
| c | Fall of Robespierre | 9 Thermidor II | 27 July 1794 |
| d | Constitution of Year III | 14 Germinal III | 3 April 1795 |
| e | Insurrection of Vendémiaire | 13 Vendémiaire IV | 5 October 1795 |
| f | Revolt of Fructidor | 18 Fructidor V | 4 September 1797 |
| g | Bonaparte’s Coup d’Etat | 30 Prairial VII | 18 June 1799 |
The Crimea, with Russian Colonization of the Black Sea Coastland
The French Empire, 1812
Grillenstein: The Life Course of an Austrian Peasant Household, 1810–42
Modernization: The Component Processes
(
The Industrial Revolution
)
1. Scientific and mechanized agriculture
2. Mobility of Labour enclosures, emancipation of the serfs
3. New sources of power: coal, steam, gas, oil, electricity
4. Power-driven machinery
5. Heavy industry: mining and metallurgy
6. Factories and factory towns
7. Improved transport: canals, roads, railways, flight
8. Communications: post, telegraph, telephone, radio
9. Capital investment: joint-stock companies, trusts, cartels
10. Expanding domestic markets: new industries, internal trade
11. Foreign trade: import and export, colonies
12. Government policy
13. Demography: rapid population growth and its consequences
14. The money economy: wages, prices, taxes, paper money
15. Marketing skills: advertising, stores, sales distribution
16. Science and technology: research and development
17. Financial services: credit, savings banks, insurance
18. Standardization of weights, measures, and currencies
19. Urbanization: town planning, public services
20. New social classes: middle classes, domestics, ‘workers’
21. Transformation of family structures: ‘the nuclear family’
22. Women: dependency and subordination
23. Migration: local, regional, international
24. Public health: epidemics, hygiene, medical services
25. Poverty: unemployment, vagrancy, workhouses, slums
26. Exploitation: child labour, female labour, sweatshops
27. Organized crime: police, detectives, criminal underclass
28. Private charities
29. Education: primary, technical, scientific, executive, female
30. Literacy and mass culture
31. Leisure: organized recreation and sport
32. Youth movements
33. Religious trends: fundamentalism, temperance, worker priests
34. Social sciences: economics, anthropology, ethnography, etc.
35. Collectivism: industrial and urban psychology
36. Consumerism
37. Class consciousness
38. National consciousness
39. Political consciousness
40. Extension of the electorate: universal suffrage, suffragettes
41. Political parties with mass constituencies
42. State-run welfare: pensions, social insurance, benefits
43. Elaborate social legislation
44. Expansion of the civil service: state bureaucracy
45. Reorganization of local government
46. Political associations and pressure groups: trade unions
47. Imperialism
48. Total wan conscript armies, mechanized warfare, home front
European Demography, 1800–1914
1 European population by country
2 European population including European Russia
3 Population of major cities
