Europe: A History (280 page)

First Punic War 142, 155

Second Punic War 139–47, 155

Third Punic War 155

Pushkin, Alexander 786

Pyrrho 122, 124

Pythagoras 109, 122, 1221

Quadruple Alliance 762–3

Quakers 488, 594

Quesnay, François 602

Quisling, Vidkun 1005, 1050, 1060

Rabelais, François
541

Race 38–9, 49–50,
452–3
, 511,
734–5, 794
, 817, 859–60,
909
, 945, 971–4, 1002,
1017
, 1016–25
(see also
Eugenics, Genocide) Racine, Jean 575, 589, 621, 623

Racławice, battle of (1794) 722

Raczyński, Count Edward 1129

Radič, Stefan 979

Ragusa
447–8

Railways 760–1, 767–8, 872, 1081, 1211, 1296–7

Rakoczy, Francis, 11 647

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922) 938

Rasputin, Grigori 915

Rastatt, Treaty of (1714) 625

Rathenau, Walter 942

Reagan, Ronald 1111, 1116, 1117

Reformation

Anabaptists 488

Anglicanism
487
, 490, 493–4, 545, 594

Arminians 492

Calvinism 490, 492, 494

effects
405–6
, 494, 496

Hussitism 403–4, 419, 428–9

Lutheranism 484–8, 492

origins 482, 484–5

Zwingli 488

(see also
Counter-Reformation, Hus, Luther, Zwingli)

Relief agencies
1029

Religious History

prehistoric 72–3, 89, 93

Greece (ancient) 110–13

Roman 160,
161–2

(see also
Atheism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Paganism)

Rembrandt, Harmenszoon van Rijn 539, 575,

1210

Renaissance

architecture 481

art 481

diplomacy 523–4

economy 517–18

education 480

historiography 469, 471

‘Humanism’ 477, 479–80, 481–2

literature 335, 481–2

military 518–20

music 480

origins 471, 473, 477

political theory 520–1, 523

religion and 471, 477, 479–80

Scientific Revolution 507–10

society 516–17

Renan, Ernest 44, 796, 813, 835

Reparations 928, 942–3

Republicanism 686, 713, 1265

Reventlow, C. D. F. 737–8

Reykjavik Summit (1987) 1117

Reynolds, Joshua 586, 614

Rhine, River 372–4

Riabushkm, A. P. 1210

Ribbentrop, Joachim von 996, 997, 1054

Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 996–7, 998, 1000

Ricardo, David 802

Richard, Earl of Cornwall 357, 377–8

Richelieu, Armand, Cardinal de 541, 542, 565, 691

Rights of Man, Declaration of 675, 695, 713–14, 731

Rimbaud, Jean-Arthur 862

Ritual
72–3, 83, 112, 161, 172, 207, 249–50, 256
, 271–3, 331–2, 337–8, 365,
407, 612
, 946, 973, 975

Rivaroli, Antoni 704

Roads
156
,284–9, 682, 767–8, 971, 1081

Robert the Bruce 408, 409

Robert the Bugger 362

Robespierre, Mazimilien 695, 697, 699, 701, 702, 703, 711

Rocamadour
300–1

Rochejacquelin, Henri de la 704–5, 1211

Rocroi, battle of (1643) 565

Rolland, Romain 894–5

Roman Catholic Church

counter-reformation 496–7, 502–7

cult of the Virgin Mary
300–1

in post-war Europe 1078–9

Mass 331–2

nineteenth century 797, 799

Opus Dei 1079

origins 203

‘Vatican II’Council 1078–9

visionaries
798–9, 917

Roman Law 172,
173
,184, 438, 521, 712

Romance languages 235–8, 1232

Romania

fascism
968–9

folklore
968–9

growth of 1306

post-1945 1105

revolution of 1989 1123

Romanian Principalities 389, 644

Russian Occupation 739

under Ottomans 644

Romanies
387–8

Romanov, House of 558

Romanticism 782–9

and Ancient Greece 97–8

art 614, 688, 787–8

literature 613–14, 682–3, 783–7, 788

music 688, 788–9

origins 611, 613, 614

philosophy 611, 613, 683, 686, 789–90

(see also
Pre-romanticism)

Rome (Ancient)

archaeology
159

architecture 174

Arician cult
161–1

army 172, 174, 185

calendar
152–3

catacombs
204

Christianity and 193, 195, 209, 212

conquest of Carthage 142–4, 153, 155

conquest of Greece 136, 138–9

decline 191–2, 207–12, 213–14, 229–31, 232, 235, 238–40

economy 160, 163, 165, 185, 210

Empire 156, 158–60, 179, 181–2, 184–5, 188–9, 191–2, 209–12, 1223

games
180–1

inscriptions
175–6

Kingdom of 151

law 172, 184

limes 185, 188

literature 174–9

politics 167–72

pottery
164

religion 160

Republic 153, 155–6

Revolution 179, 181–2

roads
156

Senate 170–1

society 165, 167, 170–1

system of names
168–9

violence 179

Visigoths in 229

Rome

architecture 569–73

march on 949

medieval 270–3, 284–90, 298–302, 397–8

modern 730–1, 797, 804–5, 823–4

sack of (410) 213

sack of (1527) 526, 544

St Peter’s Basilica 569–75

twentieth-century 944, 949, 1042, 1085, 1089

(see also
Papacy, Vatican)

Rome, Treaty of (1957) 1085

Rommel, Erwin 1039

Romulus 151

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1037, 1044, 1047, 1052

Roosevelt, Theodore 882

Rosicrucian Order
352, 530–1

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 787, 788

Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber 565

Rothschild family 768, 845

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 8, 606–7, 611, 613, 682, 686, 814

Royal Society 507, 509, 510, 598

Rubens, Paul 506, 539

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 526, 529

Rufinus of Aquileia
262

Ruhr, French occupation of 938, 943

Runes 226–7, 1234–5

Runge, P. O. 688

Rurik 294

Russia, Empire 1264

and Europe 11–13

and Poland-Lithuania 655, 657, 659–61

cinema
918–19

colonialism 580

Decembrist revolt 839

eighteenth century 649, 652–5

Empire proclaimed 649, 653

expansion 653–4, 739, 869–70, 1277, 1290, 1298

French Revolutionary Wars and 717, 719, 721, 726, 727, 728, 739, 742, 744, 747–8

Jewish community in
844

late Imperial era
853–4

minorities
743–4

nationalism 816, 817, 821–2, 828,
994–5

nineteenth century 739, 811–12, 831

nobility 584

origins
656–7

peasantry
587–8

Polish Partitions and 701, 719, 721–2

Populism 839

religious policy 795, 831

revolution of 1905 836

revolutionary tradition 839–40

Rus’ and 392

women
559

World War I and 901, 903, 907, 911

(see also
Kievan Rus’, Muscovy, Russian Revolution, Soviet Russia)

Russian Civil War 928–9, 931–2

Russian Orthodox Church 446, 464–5, 557

Russian Revolutions (1917) 914–17,
919–21

Dual Power 916

February Revolution 915–16

October Revolution 917, 919–21

Petrograd Soviet 916

Provisional Government 915, 916, 917, 920

Russo-Japanese War 851, 869–70

Russo-Polish War 719, 721–2

Russo-Turkish War 870

Rust, Matthias 1117

Rust’aveli, Shot’ha 335

Ruysbroeck, Jan van 437

Ryswick, Treaty of (1697) 625

Rzeapospotita
, Commonwealth of Poland-

Lithuania 1262

Calvinism in 494

colonialism 581

Constitution of Third May (1791) 692, 699, 701, 719

early modern 504, 554–6, 655, 657, 659–61

Enlightenment in 679

Great Sejm 690, 691–2

in Great Northern War 653, 657

Jewish community in 338

Muscovy and 555–6, 557–8

Napoleon and 736–7, 742, 753

National Education Commission 608, 610,

660, 664

National Rising (1794) 721–2

nobility
585–6

origins 429–30

religious toleration 504 ‘Rzeczpospolita’ 554–5, 1262

Saxon period 657, 659 ‘Silent Sejm’ 659

state archives 723

Sweden and 554, 556

(
see also
Polish Partitions)

St Aidan 276

St Aloysius Gonzaga 502

St Ambrose 259

St Anthony of Padua 361

St Augustine 259–63,
264–5

St Augustine of Canterbury 277, 280–1

St Bartholomew’s Eve Massacre (1572) 496, 502,

506

St Basil 259

St Benedict
266

St Bernard of Clairvaux 358, 362

St Bernadette
798–9

St Bernadine 484

St Bonaventura 361, 436–7

St Boniface of Crediton 281

St Camillo 502

St Canute 328

St Casimir 484

St Catherine of Siena 403

St Charles Borromeo 502

St Clare 361

St Clement I 203

St Clement Slovensky
323–4, 326

St Columba
276, 277

St Columban
269–70
, 276

St Cyril
321

St Dominic Guzmán 360

St Edmund Campion 503

St Eric
328

St Francis of Assisi
360–1, 1208

St Francis de Sales 502

St Francis Xavier 502

St Gall 276, 1257

St Gregory 270, 270–1, 280

St Gregory of Tours
274–5, 276

St Isidore of Seville 276

St Ignatius Loyola 496

St Jerome
282–3

St Joan of Arc 421

St John Berchmans 502

St john Bosco 797

St John Chrysostom 205, 259

St John of the Cross 502

St John Nepomuk 503–4

St John the Divine
196

St Louis 355–7

St Louise 502

St Martin of Tours 77, 259

St Maximilian Kolbe 1023

St Methodius 321

St Olaf 328

St Patrick 263, 275

St Paul 195–7

St Peter 194

St Peter Canisius 502, 504

St Petersburg 582, 652,
906

St Philip Neri 502

St Robert Bellarmine 502

St Sava 389

St Stanisław 328

St Stanisław Kostka 502

St Stanisław Szczepanowski 328

St Stephen 326, 367–8

St Steven, King of Hungary 326

St Teresa of Avila 502

St Thomas à Becket 328, 354

St Thomas Aquinas 433, 778

St Thomas à Kempis 437

St (Václav) Wenceslas 324

St Vincent Ferrer 484

St Vladimir 326

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri Comte de 836

Saint-Just, Antoine 702

Sainte-Faceof Laon
247–8

Salamis, battle of (480
BC)
98

Samuel, Tsar of the Bulgars 320–1

San Marino 1088–9

San Stefano, Treaty of (1878) 870

Sand, Georges 784

Sandes, Flora
908

Sangnier, Marc 1064

Sanskrit
79–80

Santi, Raphael 481

Santiago de Compostela
278
, 1253

Saracens 285, 358

Sarajevo 875–7, 980–1

Sardinia, Kingdom of 638, 823

Sarmatians 53, 105–6, 194–5
(see also
Alans)

Savonarola, Girolamo 484

Savoy, House of 404, 625, 638
(see also
Alans)

Saxe-Coburg und Gotha
808–10
, 1300–1

Saxony 316–17, 484, 485, 657, 658, 762

Scandella, Comenico
503

Scandinavia

Christianity and 328

Democracy
297

early modern age 553–4

exploration
329–30

historical geography 61

in World War II 1003, 1005–6

medieval 431

Napoleonic Age 737–8

Sceptics 122, 124

Schacht, Hjalmar 971

Schiller, Friedrich von
682, 684–5

Schlegel, Friedrich 683

Schleiermacher, Friedrich 795–6

Schieswig-Holstein
808–10
, 824, 826,
930–1
, 1305

Schlieffen Plan 877

Schliemann, H. 80, 741–2

Schmalkalden, League of 485, 506, 526, 545

Schoenberg, Arnold 957

Schumacher, Kurt 1061

Schuman Plan 1084

Schuman, Robert 1066, 1083

Science

Enlightenment 598–9,
600, 642

Greece (ancient) 119–22,
125

medieval 433, 435–6

nineteenth century 790, 792, 794

religion and 790, 792, 794

Scientific Revolution 507–10

twentieth century 945, 1076–7, 1272–3

(see also
Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Technology)

Scotland

Christianity and 276, 277

Clearances 632

early medieval 309

early modern 549–50, 551, 552, 553, 631–2,.
635–6

Jacobite Risings 632

medieval 408–9

nationalism 834, 1075, 1134

Presbyterianism 494, 503, 549

Reformation in 494

Union with England (1707) 36, 628, 631–2, 1285

(see also
United Kingdom)

Scott,Walter 754

Scotus, John Duns 433

Sculpture
263
, 473, 569–75

Greece (Ancient) 117, 119

medieval 441

Secret Societies
352

Segovia, Edict of (1565) 536

Segur, Marshal 756

Serbia

Balkan Wars and 874

independence (1804) 644

July Crisis and 875, 877