Europe: A History (267 page)
| A. Berg | Wozzeck (1925). |
| I. Stravinsky | Oedipus Rex (1927); The Rake’s Progress ( 1951 ). |
| A. Schoenberg | Moses and Aaron (1932). |
| D. Shostakovich | Lady Macbeth of Mtzensk (1936). |
| F. Poulenc | Les Mamelles de Tirésias (1947); Les Dialogues des Carmelites (1957). |
| B. Britten | Peter Grimes (1945), Billy Bud (1951); Turn of the Screw (1954); A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1960); Death in Venice (1973). |
| W. Walton | Troilus and Cressida (1954). |
| M. Tippett | Midsummer Marriage (1955); King Priam (1961). |
| K. Penderecki | The Devils of Loudun (1969). |
Germany during the Thirty Years War, 1618–48
The Franco-German Frontier in Lorraine and Alsace
Europe’s Wars, 1648–1789: A Selection
| | Principal contestants | Principal battles | Peace treaties |
| First (or Second) Northern War , 1655–60 | Sweden, Brandenburg, 1656–7, Transylvania v. Poland-Lithuania, Russia, Denmark, Tatars, Empire, Brandenburg 1657–60 | Warsaw 1655 Siege of Czestochowa 1655–6 Warka 1656 | ROSKILDE 1658 COPENHAGEN 1660 OLIVA 1660 KARDIS 1661 |
| Second Dutch War , 1664–7 | England v. United Provinces, France | Lowestoft 1665 The Downs 1666 North Foreland 1666 | BREDA 1667 |
| War of Devolution , 1667–8 | France, Portugal v. Spain | Charleroi 1667 Lille 1667 | AIX-LA-CHAPELLE 1668 |
| Third Dutch War , 1672–9 | France, England (1672–4), Sweden (1675–9) v. The Emperor, United Provinces, Spain, Brandenburg, Denmark | Seneff 1674 Fehrbellin 1675 Stromboli 1676 | NYJMEGEN 1679 FONTAINEBLEAU 1679 |
| War of the League of Augsburg , 1689–97 | France, Savoy (1696–7), James II v. The Emperor, United Provinces, England, Spain, Savoy (until 1695), Brandenburg, Bavaria Fleurus 1690 Beachy Head 1690 La Hougue 1692 | RYSWIJK 1697 | |
| War of the Spanish Succession , 1701–13 | France, Spain, Bavaria v. the Emperor, United Provinces, England, Savoy, Prussia, Portugal | Blenheim 1704 Ramillies 1706 Oudenarde 1708 Malplaquet 1709 | UTRECHT 1713 RASTADT 1714 |
| Third or ‘Great Northern War’ , 1700–21 | Sweden, Poland (1705–9), Turkey (1710–11) v. Russia, Prussia (1715–20), Denmark (1700, 1709–20), Saxony (1700–6, 1709–20), Hanover (1715–20) | Narva 1700 Kliszów 1702 Poltava 1709 Stralsund 1715 | STOCKHOLM 1720 NYSTADT 1721 |
| War of the Polish Succession , 1733–5 | Saxony, Austria, Russia v. France, Spain, Sardinia, Prussia, Bavaria | | TURIN 1733 VIENNA 1735 |
| War of the Austrian Succession , 1740–8 | Austria, Britain, Holland, Hanover, Saxony, Sardinia v. Bavaria, Prussia, France, Spain, James III | Dettingen 1743 Fontenoy 1745 Hohenfriedberg 1745 | NYPHENBURG 1741 BRESLAU 1741 BERLIN 1742 WORMS 1743 WARSAW 1745 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE 1748 |
| Seven Years War , 1756–63 | Saxony, Austria, France, Sweden, Russia (until 1762) v. Prussia, Britain, Hanover | Grossjägersdorf 1757 Rossbach 1757 Zorndorf 1758 Minden 1759 Kunersdorf 1759 Leignitz 1760 Torgau 1760 | WESTMINSTER 1756 STOCKHOLM 1757 PARIS 1763 HUBERTSBURG 1763 |
| War of American Independence , 1774–83 | Britain v. USA, France, Spain, & ‘Armed Neutrality’ | Bunker Hill 1775 Saratoga 1777 Flamborough 1779 Cape St. Vincent 1780 Yorktown 1781 Minorca 1782 | VERSAILLES 1783 |
| War of the Bavarian Succession , 1778–9 | Austria v. Prussia, France ‘Kartoffelkrieg’ ‘The Potato War’ | | TESCHEN 1779 |
| Ottoman Wars in Europe , 1671–1812 | Podolian War 1671–6 v. Poland-Lithuania Viennese Campaign 1683 v. Empire, Poland War of the Holy League 1684–99 v. Empire, Poland, Venice, and Russia from 1689 Moldavian Campaign 1710–11 v. Russia Serbian War 1714–18 v. Venice, Austria Austro-Turkish War 1736–9 v. Austria, Russia Russo-Turkish War 1768–74 v. Russia Crimean War 1778–84 v. Russia, Austria from 1781 Russo-Turkish War 1787–92 v. Russia Austro-Turkish War 1788–91 v. Austria Russo-Turkish War 1806–12 v. Russia | Siege of Vienna Buda 1686 Belgrade 1688 Azov 1696 River Pruth 1711 Peterwardein 1716 Belgrade 1717 Azov 1736 Belgrade Akerman 1769 Chesmé 1770 Ochakov 1788 Belgrade 1789 | BUCZACZ 1672 ZURAWNO 1676 CARLOWITZ 1699 PRUTH 1711 PASSAROWITZ 1718 BELGRADE 1739 KUCHUK- KAINARDJI 1774 CONSTANTINOPLE 1784 JASSY 1792 SISTOVA 1791 BUCHAREST 1812 |
| Wars of the Polish Partitions , 1768–95 | War of the Confederation of Bar 1768–72. Polish Confederates v. Russia, Prussia, Austria War of the Second Partition 1792–3 Poland v. Russia, Prussia, and Confederates of Targowica War of Poland’s National Rising 1794–5. Polish Insurrectionaries (T. Kościuszko) v. Russia, Prussia, Austria | Siege of Czestochowa 1771–2 Zieleńce 1792 Dubienka 1792 Racławice 1794 Maciejowice 1794 | TREATY OF THE FIRST PARTITION 1772 TREATY OF THE SECOND PARTITION 1793 TREATY OF THE THIRD PARTITION 1795 |
The ‘Eastern Question’: Ottoman Decline, 1683–1920
The Formation of the United Kingdom, 1707–1922
Chronology of the French Revolutionary Era 1789–1815
Events in France, 1789–1815
| 1789 | 5 May 20 June 14 July 4/5 August 27 August | The Estates-General meets Tennis Court Oath: National Assembly storming of the Bastille abolition of the feudal order declaration of the Rights of Man |
| 1790 | 12 July | Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
| 1791 | 20 June 3 September | The Flight to Varennes: King’s arrest Constitution: constitutional monarchy |
| 1792 | 20 April 10 August 20 September | declaration of war on Austria storming of the Tuileries National Convention: republic declared, monarchy abolished. Girondin supremacy |
| 1793 | 21 January 2 June July | execution of Louis XVI fall of the Girondins; installation of ‘Revolutionary Government’ Committee of Public Safety; Terror begins; Jacobins’ Constitution of Year I; War against the Vendée Rising |
| 1794 | 27/28 July September | fall of Robespierre (9 Thermidor); the ‘Thermidorian Reaction’ abolition of the revolutionary tribunal |
| 1795 | 5 March 17 August | Peace of Basle Constitution of Year III; Directory created |
| 1796/7 | | campaign in Upper Italy |
| 1797 | 4 September October | coup d’état of 18 Fructidor; rise of Bonaparte Annexation of Belgium: Cisalpine Republic |
| 1798/9 | | campaign in Egypt |
| 1799 | 9 November | beginning of 2nd War of the Coalition coup d’état of 18 Brumaire; dissolution of the Directory; Bonaparte’s Constitution of Year VIII; Consulate created; Napoleon elected First Consul |
| 1801 | 9 February | Concordat with the Papacy Peace of Lunéville |
| 1802 | 27 March 2 August | Peace of Amiens Constitution of Year X; Bonaparte Life Consul; Annexation of Piedmont |
| 1803 | | The ‘Armée de I’Angleterre’ camps at Boulogne |
| 1804 | 21 March 2 December | promulgation of Code Napoléon Constitution of Year XII; French Empire created |
| 1805 | August–Dec. | Napoleon, King of Italy War of the Third Coalition |
France’s Wars, 1792–1815
1792–1797
War of the First Coalition
Membership
• from 1792: Austria, Prussia (to March 1795)
• from 1793: Britain, the Netherlands (to 1795); Spain (to June 1795); Portugal, Naples, Sardinia, the Papal State (to 1796)
Principal battles
Valmy (20 September 1792);
Neerwinden (18 March 1793);
Lodi (10 May 1796)
Treaties
Basle (5 March 1795);
Campo Formio (17 October 1797)
1799–1802
War of the Second
Coalition
Membership
Britain, Austria (to 9 February 1801);
Russia (to 22 October 1799); Turkey,
Naples, Portugal (to June 1801)
Principal battles
Pyramids (21 July 1798); Aboukir
(Battle of the Nile)(1 August 1798);
Marengo (14 June 1800); Hohenlinden
(3 December 1800)
Treaties
Lunéville (9 February 1801);
Amiens (27 March 1802)
1805
War of the Third Coalition
Membership
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