Read Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics Online
Authors: Bart D. Ehrman
Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (164 page)
on Didascalia Apostolorum,
347
and Greater Questions of Mary,
19
,
20
–22,
23
–24,
24
n.
33
,
150
on Letter to the Laodiceans,
440
,
444
on Melchizedekians,
434
Panarion,
19
–24
epistles
and apologetic forgeries,
101
disputed statuses of,
75
epistolary novels,
43
–45,
44
n.
30
extent of forgeries among,
149
See also specific epistles, such as
James, epistle of
Epistula Apostolorum
as counterforgery,
438
–39
dating of,
435
on the flesh,
152
,
434
–39,
436
n.
82
Epistula Clementis,
152
,
308
–12,
344
,
384
Epistula Petri,
305
–8
on authority of Paul,
152
authorship of,
223
and Clement’s Homilies,
305
,
308
and 3 Corinthians,
431
and 2 Peter,
308
on Peter–Paul relationship,
290
,
306
–8
purpose of,
305
–6
warnings against forgeries in,
127
2 Esdras,
343
Ester, book of,
71
Eubula,
381
Euclides,
70
Eunomius,
394
Eusebius
and Abgar Correspondence,
262
–63,
366
and Acts of Pilate,
140
,
352
–53,
354
,
484
on Acts of the Apostles,
278
anonymous works cited by,
50
,
51
on Barnabas,
75
on 2 Clement,
75
and criteria for authentication,
89
,
140
,
142
,
143
–44
critics and criticism,
91
on curses,
66
–67
De ecclesiastica theologia,
475
,
477
fabrications reiterated by,
59
on Hegesippus,
76
and Homilies,
320
–21
on James (apostle),
288
on Letter to the Hebrews,
76
on Marcellus,
477
–78
on morality of deception,
538
on Papias,
229
and Pilate cycle works,
358
on Polycarp’s martyrdom,
495
Preparatio,
538
on Prophecies of Barcabbas and Barcoph,
75
and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
461
,
462
,
468
on Serapion and the Gospel of Peter,
90
–91,
324
on Shepherd of Hermas,
32
n.
8
,
48
,
75
on Sibyls and oracles,
517
–18
See also
Ecclesiastical History
Evans, Mary Anne (George Eliot),
30
Excursus,
218
–22
eyewitness testimony,
270
n.
81
,
270
–79
Ezekiel (prophet),
70
3 Ezra,
71
4 Ezra,
241
–42
fabrications,
24
n.
33
,
55
–61,
84
,
133
faith
and antinomianism,
303
n.
48
,
304
,
305
apostles on
James,
307
Peter,
307
faith vs. works,
185
–87,
261
,
288
–95,
302
,
307
,
444
texts on
Epistle of James,
288
–89,
290
–91,
292
–93,
294
–95
Laodiceans,
444
false attributions,
49
,
50
–52,
75
,
149
,
534
n.
14
Favorinus,
139
fiction,
133
–34,
134
n.
133
,
248
n.
31
,
533
,
533
n.
8
fig tree parable,
446
“First Peter in Recent Study” (Boring),
253
first-person narratives,
123
flesh,
407
–54
desires of,
413
–15
false teachings on,
409
,
411
–12,
427
–28,
429
,
429
n.
66
forgeries celebrating
Apocalypse of Paul,
451
–54
Apocalypse of Peter,
445
–51
3 Corinthians,
425
–32
Epistula Apostolorum,
434
–39
1 John,
419
–25
Letter to the Laodiceans,
439
–45
Melchizedek tractate,
432
–34
forgeries opposing
Book of Thomas the Contender,
412
–15
Coptic Apocalypse of Peter,
407
–12
Gospel of Thomas,
415
–18
and Gnosticism,
23
,
24
,
406
,
411
,
432
–34,
437
internecine conflicts on,
152
of jesus
Apocalypse of Paul on,
454
Apocalypse of Peter on,
451
Coptic Apocalypse of Peter on,
407
–12
3 Corinthians on,
428
,
428
n.
57
,
431
Epistula Apostolorum on,
434
–39
1 John on,
419
–25
Protevangelium Jacobi on,
492
–93
Jesus’ lessons on,
412
–15,
449
,
450
–51
and the material world,
415
–18
and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
471
and resurrection,
407
,
427
–31,
430
n.
67
,
434
–39,
451
,
454
and salvation,
408
,
409
,
416
,
421
,
428
,
431
,
439
,
444
,
451
Florinus, Letter to (Irenaeus),
272
–73,
274
forgers
condemnation of forgery by,
27
in Apostolic Constitutions,
16
n.
16
,
17
–19,
18
n.
23
Epiphanius on the Phibionites,
19
–24
as forgery technique,
126
–27
in 2 Thessalonians,
24
–25
motivations of,
97
–105
authority of authors,
119
–21,
150
–51,
153
in condemning forgeries,
18
and deceptive intentions of forgers,
131
–32,
150
–51
defamation of character,
102
–4
humility of students,
105
Olympiodorus on,
112
political and religious authorization,
98
–99
profitability,
97
–98
Salvian’s defense,
93
–96
supplementation of a tradition,
104
–5
validation of one’s views,
119
–21
penalties suffered by,
83
–85,
132
techniques of,
121
–28
and deceptive intentions of forgers,
131
–32
first-person narratives,
123
imitation of style,
121
–22
interpolations,
128
material and literary prophylaxes,
127
–28,
131
verisimilitudes,
122
–23
warnings against forgeries,
126
–27
forgery
attitudes toward
as accepted literary practice,
78
–79
of critics and intellectuals,
118
in honoring one’s patron,
118
,
532
and intellectual property,
78
–81
as lies and deceits,
29
,
85
,
134
–35,
532
and morality questions,
546
and terms for forgery,
29
–32,
85
criteria for detection of,
137
–45
anachronisms and historical problems,
139
–40
established patterns of usage,
143
–45
internal inconsistencies and implausibilities,
140
–41
theological
Sachkritik
, 141–42
writing style,
138
–39
extent of phenomenon,
1
,
69
–77,
149
–50
fiction compared to,
133
–34,
134
n.
133
,
533
and intellectual property,
78
–81
and intention to deceive,
30
–31,
128
–32,
533
–34
morality of,
546
–48
related phenomena,
43
–67
anonymity,
49
–50
fabrications,
55
–61
false attributions,
50
–52
falsifications,
61
–67
homonymity,
47
–49
literary fictions,
43
–45,
45
n.
35
pen names,
45
–47
plagiarism,
52
–55
scholarly perspectives on,
31
n.
6
,
35
–43,
78
–79,
105
–7,
106
n.
53
,
107
n.
54
types of
embedded forgeries,
34
non-pseudepigraphic forgeries,
35
redactional forgeries,
34
–35
Fourth Oration against the Arians (Pseudo-Athanasius),
477
Fronto,
23
Fukhajawaqa,
110
Gaius of Rome,
76
Galatians
and Acts of the Apostles,
257
on Antioch incident,
257
,
307
,
308
,
316
,
543
on the apostles,
257
,
259
,
259
n.
59
and coauthorship theory,
213
n.
39
and conversion of Paul,
257
,
267
on crucifixion,
418
and Epistle of James,
291
–93
eschatological theme of,
163
on forgiveness of sins,
177
n.
43
on James (apostle),
487
and Jewish identity,
287
and Letter to the Laodiceans,
439
,
442
,
443
,
445
and Letter to the Romans,
160
oath in,
207
on Peter,
250
2 Thessalonians compared to,
171
on women in the church,
383
